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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

Beauty and Divine Favor in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

Explore how ancient Near Eastern royal ideology connected physical beauty to divine election and how this influenced the Hebrew Bible. This concept is...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

King Josiah at the Center of Israel's History

Explore how Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings use distinct Deuteronomic language and literary structure that converges on Josiah's reform, suggesting...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

Revelation and Its Literary Siblings

Explore how the book of Revelation shares its visions, angels, beasts, and cosmic judgment with an entire family of Jewish apocalyptic texts written i...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Texts

Early Christian

Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 1.3 / 1 Enoch 6:2 Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 2.10 / 1 Enoch 8:1

Classical

Aratus Phaenomena 5 / Acts 17:28 Aratus Phaenomena / Colossians 2:9 Aratus Phaenomena 454 / Jude 1:13

Highlighted Texts

Hebrew Bible

Exodus 1:19 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Exodus 15:20 / Jeremiah 31:4 Exodus 38:8 / Onkelos Exodus 38:8 Exodus 1:19 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:20 Exodus 38:8 / Samaritan Exodus 38:8 Leviticus 26:26 / Ezekiel 14:13 Numbers 25:2 / Psalm 106:28 Numbers 24:1 / Genesis 3:1 Numbers 31:17 / Judges 21:11 Deuteronomy 23:17 / LXX Deuteronomy 23:17 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Wisdom of Solomon 12:4 Deuteronomy 18:10 / 2 Kings 21:6 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Isaiah 47:12 Joshua 13:22 / Numbers 31:8 Joshua 13:22 / Numbers 22:5 Judges 5:24 / Genesis 17:16 Judges 5:24 / Luke 1:42 Judges 5:24 / Judith 13:18 Judges 21:10 / 1 Samuel 11:1 Judges 11:40 / LXX Judges 11:40 1 Kings 18:27 / Jonathan 1 Kings 18:27 2 Kings 8:12 / Amos 1:13 2 Kings 15:16 / Hosea 13:16 Isaiah 3:2 / 1 Corinthians 1:20 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:2 Isaiah 3:16 / Amos 6:1 Isaiah 47:13 / Deuteronomy 4:19 Ezekiel 9:4 / Revelation 9:4 Ezekiel 8:14 / Epic of Gilgamesh VI Ezekiel 8:14 / Letter of Jeremiah 1:32 Ezekiel 8:14 / Ishtar’s Descent 135 Jeremiah 7:6 / Exodus 22:22 Zechariah 14:2 / 1 Enoch 56:5 Zechariah 8:4 / 1 Maccabees 14:9 Lamentations 4:10 / Leviticus 26:29 Lamentations 2:21 / Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12 Lamentations 4:6 / Deuteronomy 29:23 Lamentations 2:20 / Leviticus 26:29 Ezra 10:2 / Deuteronomy 7:3 Ezra 10:3 / Matthew 5:32 Ezra 10:3 / Ruth 1:4 Ezra 10:3 / 2 Samuel 3:3 Esther 2:9 / Mark 6:22 Esther 2:9 / Matthew 14:6

Ancient Near East

The Building of Ningirsu Temple / Daniel 4:10

Septuagint

LXX Numbers 21:30 / Numbers 21:30 LXX Deuteronomy 18:10 / Acts 16:16 LXX Amos 1:3 / Amos 1:3

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QH 14 / Ephesians 1:9

Deuterocanon

Tobit 3:16 / 1 Enoch 9:3 Tobit 2:11 / Sirach 25:22 Sirach 20:7 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 1.5 Sirach 19:2 / Methodius Banquet of the Ten Virgins 1.3 Sirach 34:1 / 1 Enoch 14:8 Judith 13:18 / Luke 1:42 Judith 13:18 / Genesis 14:19 Judith 13:18 / Judges 5:24 Wisdom of Solomon 18:12 / Numbers 33:4 Letter of Jeremiah 1:29 / Leviticus 12:2 Letter of Jeremiah 1:30 / Jeremiah 16:7 2 Maccabees 3:19 / 3 Maccabees 1:18

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:2 / Genesis 6:4 / Baruch 3:26 1 Enoch 12:3 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.16 1 Enoch 19:2 / Jude 1:13 1 Enoch 19:1 / Athenagoras Plea for the Christians 24 1 Enoch 19:1 / Justin Martyr Second Apology 5 1 Enoch 7:2 / Jubilees 7:22 1 Enoch 15:4 / Jubilees 7:21 1 Enoch 19:2 / LXX Isaiah 13:21 1 Enoch 15:4 / Leviticus 15:19 1 Enoch 12:4 / Jude 1:6 1 Enoch 10:11 / 2 Peter 2:4 1 Enoch 19:1 / 1 Corinthians 10:20 1 Enoch 10:11 / 1 Peter 3:19 1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian Apology 22 1 Enoch 10:11 / Leviticus 15:19 1 Enoch 7:2 / Athenagoras Plea for the Christians 25 1 Enoch 7:2 / 3 Maccabees 2:4 1 Enoch 7:1 / Testament of Reuben 5:7 Jubilees 4:22 / 1 Enoch 6:2 Jubilees 41:2 / Genesis 38:1 Jubilees 8:3 / 1 Enoch 8:2 Jubilees 4:22 / 1 Enoch 12:3 Jubilees 3:8 / Leviticus 12:5 3 Maccabees 1:18 / 2 Maccabees 3:19 Testament of Reuben 5:7 / 4Q266 Apocalypse of Zephaniah 2:2 / Matthew 24:40 2 Baruch 10:13 / Matthew 24:19 Apocalypse of Abraham 21:7 / Revelation 7:9 Protoevangelium of James 11 / Luke 1:28

Targum

Onkelos Exodus 38:8 / Exodus 38:8 Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 24:10 / Exodus 24:10 Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 / Matthew 2:13 Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 / Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 2.9 Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:20 / Exodus 1:19 Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Exodus 1:19 Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Matthew 6:9

New Testament

Galatians 4:24 / Genesis 16:15 Romans 1:26 / Wisdom of Solomon 14:26 Romans 1:24 / Wisdom of Solomon 14:22 1 Corinthians 15:52 / Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 19.4.2 1 Corinthians 14:34 / 1 Corinthians 11:5 1 Corinthians 15:51 / 2 Baruch 51:10 1 Corinthians 15:52 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 20:19 1 Timothy 2:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 Matthew 27:55 / Psalm 38:11 Matthew 24:40 / Apocalypse of Zephaniah 2:2 Luke 1:42 / Judith 13:18 Luke 1:42 / Judges 5:24 Luke 1:42 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:12 Hebrews 11:35 / 2 Maccabees 7:23 Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 29 Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 53

Early Christian

1 Clement 21:6 / Colossians 3:18 1 Clement 21:6 / Polycarp Epistle to the Philippians 4:2 Apocalypse of Peter 1:44 / Dio Chrysostom Discourse 4:123 Apocalypse of Peter 1:28 / Didache 2:2 Justin Martyr Second Apology 5 / 1 Enoch 19:1 Clement of Alexandria Stromata 5.1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Tertullian On Prayer 22 / 1 Enoch 6:2 Commodianus On Christian Discipline 3 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Methodius Banquet of the Ten Virgins 1.3 / Sirach 19:2 Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 / 1 Enoch 6:1 Eusebius Preparation for the Gospel 5.6 / 1 Enoch 6:2 Lactantius Epitome of the Divine Institutes 27 / 1 Enoch 6:2

Rabbinic

Jerusalem Yoma 6.4 / Romans 7:7 Sotah 36b / Genesis 39:11 Petirat Moshe / Jude 1:9 Soferim 18 / Mark 10:13

Classical

Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / 1 Enoch 7:1 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:12 / Luke 1:42 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 1.3 / 1 Enoch 6:2 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 2.9.7 / Legends of the Jews Lucian The Death of Peregrine 1:13 / 3 John 1:7

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Ezekiel 40:5 / Revelation 21:15 Ezekiel 47:12 / Revelation 22:1 Deuteronomy 34:1 / Matthew 4:8 Genesis 7:4 / LXX Genesis 7:4 Jeremiah 5:22 / 1 Enoch 101:6 Isaiah 1:3 / 1 Enoch 101:9 Genesis 4:8 / LXX Genesis 4:8 Genesis 4:8 / Samaritan Genesis 4:8 Genesis 17:16 / Judges 5:24 Job 1:6 / 1 Enoch 40:7 Zechariah 3:1 / 1 Enoch 40:7 Leviticus 15:19 / 1 Enoch 15:4 Isaiah 57:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 57:18 1 Samuel 16:12 / Isaiah 53:2 1 Samuel 9:2 / Isaiah 53:2 2 Samuel 14:25 / Isaiah 53:2 Psalm 45:2 / Isaiah 53:2 Micah 4:4 / 1 Maccabees 14:12 Judges 5:24 / Luke 1:42 Psalm 141:2 / Revelation 8:3 Proverbs 31:31 / Ruth 3:11 Job 38:22 / Sirach 39:29 Psalm 33:7 / Amos 9:6 Genesis 45:1 / 2 Samuel 13:9 Deuteronomy 25:17 / 1 Samuel 15:2 Zephaniah 3:4 / Ezekiel 22:26 Deuteronomy 7:3 / Nehemiah 10:30 Numbers 13:32 / Ezekiel 36:13 Deuteronomy 33:2 / 1 Enoch 1:9 Isaiah 5:1 / Matthew 21:33 Genesis 29:31 / Ruth 4:11 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Malachi 3:5 Numbers 2:32 / 2 Samuel 24:8 Job 29:9 / Sirach 13:23 Habakkuk 3:5 / Jeremiah 14:12 Proverbs 6:23 / John 8:12 Genesis 18:12 / Luke 1:18 2 Kings 8:12 / Amos 1:13 Proverbs 6:23 / Matthew 5:14 Job 29:3 / Proverbs 6:20 Joel 2:30 / Revelation 8:7 Exodus 1:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 Genesis 24:15 / John 4:7 Isaiah 60:19 / Revelation 21:23 Daniel 7:13 / 1 Thessalonians 4:17 Joel 2:2 / Mark 13:19 Psalm 55:22 / 1 Peter 5:7 Micah 5:3 / Matthew 24:8 Exodus 34:6 / 2 Chronicles 30:9 Exodus 34:29 / Matthew 8:1 Joshua 10:13 / Psalms of Solomon 18:12 Exodus 17:7 / Psalm 95:8 Job 41:1 / 1 Enoch 60:6 Psalm 82:6 / Isaiah 24:21 Leviticus 18:8 / Amos 2:7 Genesis 25:22 / Hosea 12:3 Psalm 94:12 / Galatians 3:24 Jeremiah 33:21 / Malachi 2:4 Deuteronomy 17:16 / 1 Kings 10:27 Deuteronomy 8:7 / 2 Kings 18:32 Genesis 6:15 / 1 Kings 6:2 2 Samuel 21:19 / LXX 2 Samuel 21:19 Numbers 21:30 / LXX Numbers 21:30 Isaiah 24:21 / 1 Enoch 18:13 Genesis 4:10 / 1 Enoch 9:2 Numbers 15:38 / Deuteronomy 22:12 Job 32:18 / Sirach 19:10 Leviticus 26:3 / Jeremiah 3:3 1 Samuel 2:6 / Luke 1:52 Numbers 31:8 / Joshua 13:22 Deuteronomy 29:11 / Joshua 9:21 Deuteronomy 4:28 / Sirach 30:19 Exodus 9:18 / Joshua 10:11 Job 37:11 / Matthew 5:45 Ezekiel 13:13 / Psalm 18:12 Exodus 9:18 / Psalm 18:12 Psalm 97:7 / LXX Psalm 96:7 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Isaiah 47:12 Zechariah 9:14 / Matthew 24:27 Psalm 38:11 / Matthew 27:55 Genesis 6:11 / 1 Enoch 7:6 Ezekiel 23:29 / Isaiah 47:3 Ezekiel 1:27 / 1 Enoch 14:21 Deuteronomy 7:3 / Ezra 10:2 Deuteronomy 27:4 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 27:4 Exodus 12:36 / Judith 15:6 Leviticus 12:2 / Letter of Jeremiah 1:29 Deuteronomy 14:29 / Letter of Jeremiah 1:28 Jeremiah 29:8 / Sirach 34:1 2 Chronicles 36:22 / Ezra 1:1 Deuteronomy 16:7 / 2 Chronicles 35:13 Isaiah 44:12 / Jeremiah 10:3 Exodus 15:20 / Jeremiah 31:4 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Psalm 80:3 Exodus 33:11 / Deuteronomy 34:10 Leviticus 6:12 / Nehemiah 10:34 Genesis 20:7 / Psalm 105:15 Joel 2:11 / Malachi 4:5 2 Kings 15:16 / Hosea 13:16 Psalm 79:10 / Psalm 115:2 Exodus 15:21 / Micah 7:19 Psalm 77:17 / Habakkuk 3:11 Ezekiel 3:17 / Ezekiel 33:7 Deuteronomy 32:10 / Zechariah 2:8 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Psalm 103:20 Genesis 6:4 / Numbers 13:33 Joshua 11:22 / 1 Samuel 17:4 Joshua 2:15 / 1 Samuel 19:12 Genesis 47:31 / 1 Kings 1:47 Genesis 34:14 / Joshua 5:9 Genesis 2:24 / Genesis 34:3 Proverbs 31:22 / 1 Timothy 2:9 Isaiah 3:18 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Deuteronomy 1:30 / Onkelos Deuteronomy 1:30 Psalm 68:6 / Targum Psalm 68:7 Genesis 27:13 / Onkelos Genesis 27:13 2 Samuel 23:3 / LXX 2 Samuel 23:2 1 Samuel 19:13 / Jonathan 1 Samuel 19:13 Leviticus 6:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 5:21 Exodus 28:12 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 28:12 Exodus 38:8 / Onkelos Exodus 38:8 Genesis 1:27 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:27 Leviticus 15:19 / Protoevangelium of James 8 Zechariah 2:8 / LXX Zechariah 2:8 Psalm 63:8 / Psalm 77:10 Isaiah 7:14 / LXX Isaiah 7:14 Leviticus 22:22 / LXX Leviticus 22:22 Leviticus 1:5 / LXX Leviticus 1:5 Genesis 20:12 / Leviticus 18:9 Genesis 29:28 / Leviticus 18:18 Leviticus 15:33 / Onkelos Leviticus 15:33 Leviticus 24:22 / Onkelos Leviticus 24:22 Leviticus 27:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 27:2 Amos 1:3 / LXX Amos 1:3 Genesis 12:3 / Romans 11:15 / Yevamot 63a Leviticus 15:19 / 1 Enoch 10:11 Genesis 2:2 / LXX Genesis 2:2 / Genesis Rabbah 10:9 Genesis 3:5 / 2 Samuel 14:17 Genesis 3:6 / 1 Samuel 29:9 Deuteronomy 7:3 / 1 Kings 3:1 Job 38:4 / 1 Enoch 93:11 Ezekiel 8:17 / LXX Ezekiel 8:17 Jeremiah 2:11 / LXX Jeremiah 2:11 Habakkuk 1:12 / LXX Habakkuk 1:12 Hosea 4:7 / LXX Hosea 4:7 Judges 5:24 / Judith 13:18 Exodus 10:28 / Esther 4:11 Daniel 6:20 / Acts of Paul and Thecla 33 Psalm 22:1 / Matthew 27:46 1 Samuel 25:39 / 2 Samuel 11:27 Daniel 4:11 / Pseudo Hippolytus Easter Homily 1:5 Genesis 22:19 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 31:10 Numbers 25:12 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 47:8 1 Samuel 17:4 / Sotah 42b Deuteronomy 6:8 / Berakhot 6a Esther 1:12 / Megillah 12b 1 Samuel 17:49 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 61:8 Genesis 19:25 / Hosea 11:8 1 Samuel 4:11 / Jeremiah 7:12 Song of Solomon 4:13 / Sirach 24:13 Leviticus 19:27 / Jeremiah 9:26 Leviticus 19:27 / Jeremiah 25:23 Genesis 26:34 / Jubilees 25:1 Genesis 4:9 / Genesis 44:33 Joshua 15:19 / Judges 1:15 Numbers 31:17 / Judges 21:11 Isaiah 25:8 / LXX Isaiah 25:8 Leviticus 21:9 / Jubilees 20:4 Genesis 18:19 / Jubilees 20:2 Judges 5:30 / LXX Judges 5:30 Song of Solomon 7:5 / LXX Song of Songs 7:5 Joel 1:17 / LXX Joel 1:17 Joel 2:32 / LXX Joel 3:5 Lamentations 1:1 / LXX Lamentations 1:1 Nehemiah 8:3 / LXX Nehemiah 8:3 1 Kings 2:46 / LXX 1 Kings 2:46 Ruth 3:11 / LXX Ruth 3:11

Ancient Near East

Papyrus Lansing / Isaiah 1:3 Summa Alu 104 / Gittin 70a Summa Alu 104 / Alphabet of Ben Sira Summa Alu 1 / Genesis 11:4 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 8:21 Atrahasis / Genesis 7:10 Legend of Keret / Psalm 16:7 KTU 1.1 / Genesis 4:22 KTU 1.3 / Exodus 15:8 Enuma Anu Enlil / Joshua 10:13 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 22:6 ARM 26 / Judges 7:13 Surpu II / Leviticus 11:2 KTU 1.23:88 / Genesis 6:2 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:28 KTU 1.116 / Isaiah 22:12 Atrahasis II / 1 Enoch 7:1 Atrahasis / Genesis 9:13 Adapa and the South Wind 4 / Genesis 5:24 Ishtar’s Descent 135 / Ezekiel 8:14

Septuagint

LXX Esther 8:17 / Galatians 2:14 LXX Leviticus 16:14 / Hebrews 9:13 LXX Jonah 1:5 / Acts 27:18 LXX Genesis 6:4 / 3 Maccabees 2:4 LXX Hosea 14:3 / Hebrews 13:15

Deuterocanon

Sirach 35:17 / Luke 18:3 Judith 13:18 / Luke 1:42 Judith 8:32 / 1 Clement 55:4 Sirach 34:10 / 4 Ezra 3:33 Tobit 12:12 / Revelation 8:2 1 Maccabees 5:15 / Matthew 4:15 Wisdom of Solomon 18:4 / John 8:12 2 Maccabees 7:23 / Hebrews 11:35 Sirach 43:26 / Colossians 1:17 Baruch 4:20 / Athanasius Discourse Against the Arians 4 Baruch 3:12 / Athanasius Discourse Against the Arians 18 Baruch 3:35 / Athanasius Discourse Against the Arians 19 Sirach 34:31 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9 Sirach 28:12 / Leviticus Rabbah 33 Sirach 27:5 / Augustine City of God 21.26 Sirach 30:24 / Augustine City of God 21.27 Sirach 14:5 / Augustine City of God 21.27 Sirach 30:12 / Augustine City of God 22.21 Sirach 3:26 / Augustine Confessions 6.12 Sirach 18:30 / Augustine Confessions 10.31 Sirach 23:6 / Augustine Confessions 10.31 Sirach 1:4 / Augustine Confessions 12.15 Sirach 3:17 / Augustine Confessions 13.21 Sirach 7:23 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.9 Sirach 32:17 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.9 Sirach 18:13 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.9 Sirach 16:12 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.9 Sirach 30:8 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.9 Sirach 33:6 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.13 Sirach 18:32 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.1 Sirach 31:27 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.2 Sirach 31:29 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.2 Sirach 31:25 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.2 Sirach 26:8 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.2 Sirach 31:20 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.2 Sirach 21:10 / Matthew 7:13 Sirach 21:20 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2 5:5 Sirach 20:5 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.6 Sirach 20:8 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.6 Sirach 31:31 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 14:1 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 9:9 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 31:16 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 32:11 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 9:18 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 7:14 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.7 Sirach 39:13 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.8 Sirach 39:26 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.8 Sirach 23:18 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.10 Sirach 18:30 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.10 Sirach 11:4 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.11 Baruch 3:16 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.3 Baruch 4:4 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.10 Baruch 3:9 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.10 Baruch 3:13 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 1.10 Sirach 19:29 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.3 Sirach 9:7 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.4 Sirach 11:29 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.4 Sirach 9:16 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.4 Sirach 21:21 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.11 Sirach 26:9 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.11 Sirach 9:8 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.11 Sirach 25:6 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 3.3 Wisdom of Solomon 16:29 / Mishnah Berakhot 1:2 Sirach 33:23 / Luke 15:12 Sirach 43:17 / 1 Enoch 59:2 2 Maccabees 3:19 / 3 Maccabees 1:18

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 8:1 / Legends of the Jews 3 1 Enoch 8:1 / Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 2.10 1 Enoch 19:1 / Athenagoras Plea for the Christians 24 1 Enoch 6:2 / Philo on the Giants 4 Jubilees 50:12 / 1 Maccabees 2:39 Jubilees 49:15 / 1 Corinthians 11:27 1 Enoch 7:2 / Athenagoras Plea for the Christians 25 1 Enoch 10:6 / Revelation 19:20 1 Enoch 7:1 / Testament of Reuben 5:7 Testament of Levi 3:2 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:7 1 Enoch 18:15 / Jude 1:13 1 Enoch 12:4 / Jude 1:6 1 Enoch 22:11 / Jude 1:6 1 Enoch 9:6 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 1.15 1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian Apology 22 1 Enoch 6:1 / Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 1 Enoch 10:4 / Clement of Alexandria Fragments 2:4 1 Enoch 6:2 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.36 1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria Stromata 5.1 1 Enoch 99:4 / Mark 13:8 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 1.3 1 Enoch 8:2 / Tertullian Apology 35 1 Enoch 99:6 / Tertullian On Idolatry 4 1 Enoch 7:1 / Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian Against Marcion 5.18 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian On Prayer 22 1 Enoch 6:2 / Lactantius Epitome of the Divine Institutes 27 Testament of Naphtali 3:2 / Psalms of Solomon 18:10 1 Enoch 17:4 / Bava Batra 84a 1 Enoch 8:2 / Jubilees 8:3 1 Enoch 8:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2 Protoevangelium of James 8 / Mishnah Niddah 5:7 1 Enoch 8:1 / Pseudo Clementine Homilies 8.14 Jubilees 4:15 / Pseudo Clementine Homilies 8.12 1 Enoch 19:2 / Jude 1:13 Jubilees 39:6 / Testament of Joseph 3:2

Targum

Jonathan Jeremiah 51:39 / Revelation 2:11 Jonathan Isaiah 22:14 / Revelation 2:11

New Testament

Acts 2:4 / Exodus Rabbah 5 Galatians 3:24 / Genesis Rabbah 1 Acts 4:32 / Iamblichus Life of Pythagoras 30 1 Corinthians 11:10 / Genesis Rabbah 8:8 Matthew 5:28 / Kallah 2 Matthew 5:24 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9 Romans 8:18 / 2 Baruch 15:8 James 1:25 / Pirkei Avot 5:12 James 4:13 / Luke 12:13 Philippians 3:21 / 2 Baruch 51:3 2 Timothy 3:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 2 Peter 2:15 / Pirkei Avot 5:19 Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 29 Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 53 Matthew 21:43 / 4 Ezra 1:24 1 Timothy 2:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 1 Peter 3:3 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 2 Peter 3:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 26:10 Revelation 8:3 / 3 Baruch 12 Mark 13:8 / 2 Baruch 27:7 1 Corinthians 15:52 / Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 19.4.2 Acts 18:3 / Pirkei Avot 2:2 Matthew 24:8 / Sanhedrin 98b 1 Corinthians 11:5 / 1 Corinthians 14:34 Mark 10:38 / Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas 8:4 Philemon 1:10 / Ignatius Epistle to the Ephesians 1:1

Early Christian

Didache 2:2 / Apocalypse of Peter 1:28 Didache 16:4 / 2 John 1:7

Classical

Philo On Dreams 1.232 / 1 Corinthians 11:10 Philo The Special Laws 1:13 / Philippians 3:20 Euripides Hecuba 154 / Romans 7:24 Epimenides Cretica 1 / Acts 17:28 Aratus Phaenomena 5 / Acts 17:28 Plato Apology / 1 Enoch 15:7 Aratus Phaenomena / Colossians 2:9 Plato Timaeus / Colossians 1:17 Hierocles On Household Management / Mishnah Ketubot 5:5 Philo On the Giants 1:2 / Jude 1:13 Philo On the Creation 1:50 / Jude 1:13 Plato Timaeus 40 / Jude 1:13 Plato Timaeus 40 / 1 Enoch 18:15 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:12 / Luke 1:42

Samaritan

Samaritan Genesis 4:8 / LXX Genesis 4:8

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Exodus 1:19 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Genesis 24:15 / John 4:7 Zechariah 6:12 / John 19:5 Exodus 19:12 / Hebrews 12:20 Jeremiah 25:30 / Revelation 10:3 Deuteronomy 6:7 / Proverbs 3:23 Psalm 91:11 / Matthew 4:6 Zechariah 13:7 / Matthew 26:31 Jeremiah 31:15 / Matthew 2:18 Exodus 24:11 / Isaiah 25:6 Jeremiah 38:22 / Obadiah 1:7 Isaiah 66:24 / Daniel 12:2 Genesis 22:11 / Exodus 3:4 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 20:2 Exodus 15:20 / Jeremiah 31:4 Proverbs 31:10 / Ruth 3:11 Leviticus 26:29 / Lamentations 2:20 2 Kings 8:12 / Amos 1:13 2 Kings 15:16 / Hosea 13:16 Isaiah 13:16 / Nahum 3:10 Zephaniah 1:7 / Zechariah 2:13 Genesis 20:7 / Psalm 105:15 Genesis 29:31 / Ruth 4:11 Genesis 38:29 / Ruth 4:12 Deuteronomy 7:3 / Nehemiah 10:30 Isaiah 38:5 / Sirach 48:22 Numbers 33:4 / Wisdom of Solomon 18:12 Leviticus 12:2 / Letter of Jeremiah 1:29 Ezekiel 8:14 / Letter of Jeremiah 1:32 Genesis 11:9 / Zephaniah 3:9 Genesis 17:17 / Romans 4:20 / Onkelos Genesis 17:17 Genesis 17:17 / Onkelos Genesis 17:17 Psalm 118:26 / Matthew 23:38 Zechariah 12:10 / Matthew 24:30 Psalm 38:11 / Matthew 27:55 Genesis 6:4 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:4 Exodus 38:8 / Samaritan Exodus 38:8 Genesis 6:11 / 1 Enoch 7:6 Numbers 12:10 / Deuteronomy 24:9 Deuteronomy 33:2 / 1 Enoch 14:21 Psalm 135:7 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Genesis 17:16 / Judges 5:24 Malachi 3:1 / Luke 1:31 Exodus 14:13 / 1 Samuel 12:16 Leviticus 15:19 / 1 Enoch 15:4 Genesis 15:5 / 1 Enoch 33:3 Genesis 6:1 / 1 Enoch 6:1 Genesis 6:2 / 1 Enoch 7:1 Numbers 21:30 / LXX Numbers 21:30 Genesis 35:22 / Jubilees 33:2 Isaiah 3:16 / Amos 6:1 Psalm 31:5 / Luke 23:45 Judges 5:24 / Luke 1:42 Isaiah 66:14 / John 16:22 Genesis 45:1 / 2 Samuel 13:9 Job 29:9 / Sirach 5:12 Exodus 6:7 / Ezekiel 34:30 Genesis 25:24 / Genesis 32:25 / Hosea 12:4 Genesis 38:12 / 2 Samuel 13:24 Genesis 9:21 / Genesis 43:34 / 1 Samuel 1:13 / 1 Samuel 25:36 / 2 Samuel 11:13 Genesis 6:4 / Jubilees 5:1 Joshua 24:2 / Jubilees 12:2 Proverbs 31:22 / 1 Timothy 2:9 Genesis 3:1 / Numbers 24:1 Isaiah 3:18 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Exodus 14:20 / Onkelos Exodus 14:20 Exodus 32:25 / Onkelos Exodus 32:25 Exodus 38:8 / Onkelos Exodus 38:8 Genesis 3:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:9 Numbers 5:11 / Protoevangelium of James 16 Genesis 6:6 / 1 Samuel 15:11 / Isaiah 54:9 Amos 1:3 / LXX Amos 1:3 Deuteronomy 34:8 / LXX Deuteronomy 34:8 Deuteronomy 32:10 / Hosea 9:10 Deuteronomy 4:19 / Isaiah 47:13 Genesis 6:13 / 1 Enoch 10:1 Exodus 17:1 / Numbers 20:8 / Numbers 21:18 / Numbers Rabbah 1:2 Leviticus 15:19 / 1 Enoch 10:11 Deuteronomy 23:18 / Matthew 15:26 Judges 5:24 / Judith 13:18 Genesis 6:2 / Judges 13:6 Genesis 22:10 / 4 Maccabees 16:20 Genesis 35:2 / Joshua 24:23 Genesis 35:22 / Shabbat 55b Genesis 50:13 / Sotah 13a Genesis 31:19 / 1 Samuel 19:13 Jonah 3:5 / 1 Clement 7:7 Daniel 6:22 / 3 Maccabees 6:7 Genesis 26:34 / Jubilees 25:1 Genesis 44:18 / Jubilees 43:11 Genesis 4:9 / Genesis 44:33 Genesis 45:1 / Acts 7:13 Genesis 45:26 / Jubilees 43:24 Joshua 15:19 / Judges 1:15 Numbers 27:4 / Joshua 17:4 Exodus 17:6 / Judges 15:19 Numbers 31:17 / Judges 21:11 Proverbs 18:24 / Sirach 6:10 2 Samuel 12:10 / 1 Kings 15:5 Song of Solomon 6:9 / Wisdom of Solomon 7:27 Isaiah 3:18 / LXX Isaiah 3:18 Genesis 15:11 / Jubilees 11:19 Genesis 18:19 / Jubilees 20:2 Genesis 27:23 / Jubilees 26:18 Genesis 47:29 / Jubilees 45:16 Ruth 2:13 / LXX Ruth 2:13

Ancient Near East

Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 9:15 Atrahasis / Genesis 7:1 Summa Alu 104 / Gittin 70a Summa Alu 1 / Genesis 11:4 Epic of Gilgamesh VI / Ezekiel 8:14 Enuma Anu Enlil / Joshua 10:13 ARM 26 / Judges 7:13 KTU 1.23:88 / Genesis 6:2 Ishtar’s Descent 135 / Ezekiel 8:14 The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi / Song of Solomon 1:2

Septuagint

LXX Song of Songs 1:12 / John 12:1 LXX Esther 7:9 / Matthew 7:22 LXX Esther 5:3 / Mark 6:23

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q242 / Matthew 9:6

Deuterocanon

2 Maccabees 10:7 / Revelation 7:9 Judith 13:18 / Luke 1:42 Wisdom of Solomon 4:16 / Matthew 12:41 Wisdom of Solomon 14:6 / Baruch 3:26 Wisdom of Solomon 3:7 / Luke 19:44 Tobit 3:7 / Protoevangelium of James 2 2 Maccabees 3:19 / 3 Maccabees 1:18

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 90:25 / Revelation 20:14 1 Enoch 6:2 / Legends of the Jews 3 1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian Apology 22 1 Enoch 6:2 / Philo on the Giants 4 1 Enoch 61:9 / 2 Maccabees 3:24 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 1.3 1 Enoch 6:2 / Archelaus Acts of the Disputation with Manes 32 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian Against Marcion 5.18 1 Enoch 6:2 / Tertullian On Prayer 22 1 Enoch 7:1 / Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 1 Enoch 6:2 / Lactantius Epitome of the Divine Institutes 27 1 Enoch 6:2 / Eusebius Preparation for the Gospel 5.4 1 Enoch 6:2 / Jubilees 4:22 1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 Apocalypse of Zephaniah 2:2 / Matthew 24:40 1 Enoch 14:9 / Acts 2:3 1 Enoch 7:1 / Testament of Reuben 5:7 1 Enoch 7:2 / Jubilees 7:22 1 Enoch 1:9 / 1 Thessalonains 3:13 1 Enoch 10:4 / Jubilees 5:6 Jubilees 30:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 18:21 1 Enoch 10:2 / Revelation 6:15 1 Enoch 12:3 / Luke 1:5 Jubilees 27:25 / Wisdom of Solomon 10:10

Targum

Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Mishnah Sotah 9

New Testament

Revelation 22:5 / Apocalypse of Zephaniah 1:6 Matthew 3:16 / Berakhot 3a Romans 6:6 / Yoma 86a Matthew 20:16 / Pesachim 50a Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 29 Revelation 9:8 / Testament of Solomon 53 Matthew 24:36 / Sanhedrin 97b Revelation 8:3 / 3 Baruch 12 1 Timothy 2:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 1 Peter 3:3 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 1 Corinthains 11:11 / Genesis Rabbah 22:2 1 Corinthians 11:10 / Genesis Rabbah 8:8 Romans 5:12 / 2 Baruch 54:19 Acts 1:9 / Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 4.320 Matthew 16:2 / Yoma 21b Matthew 24:19 / 2 Baruch 10:13 Matthew 24:31 / Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 Revelation 8:1 / Chagigah 12b 1 Corinthians 11:5 / 1 Corinthians 14:34 Colossians 3:18 / 1 Clement 21:6

Early Christian

Didache 2:2 / Apocalypse of Peter 1:28 1 Clement 21:6 / Polycarp Epistle to the Philippians 4:2

Classical

Plato Apology / 1 Enoch 15:7 Aratus Phaenomena / Colossians 2:9 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:12 / Luke 1:42

Matching Tags

Jannes and Jambres 4 Kidneys and Livers 20 Right In Your Eyes 6

Glossary Terms

Canon Diachrony Epiphany Hapax Legomena Hapax Legomenon Omen Omens Parousia Patristic Prolepsis Reprobation Storm God Synchrony Theophany Watchers

Articles

Borrowing Authority from Established Texts

How Citation, Allusion, and Rewriting Ground New Claims in Established Traditions

intertextual.bible • July 6, 2026 • 7 min read

Every Text Is a Snapshot of Evolving Traditions

Why the Bible Preserves Material in Multiple Forms and Expressions

intertextual.bible • July 1, 2026 • 6 min read

Be Wary of Sensationalism

Why the Fantastical Imagery of Second Temple Texts Belongs to Their World

intertextual.bible • June 12, 2026 • 6 min read

Reading the Final Form and Reading Its History

What Each Approach Brings Into View in a Familiar Text

intertextual.bible • June 6, 2026 • 9 min read

Be Wary of Minimalism and Maximalism

Avoiding Extremes When Discovering New and Unusual Texts

intertextual.bible • May 25, 2026 • 11 min read

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible • May 16, 2026 • 10 min read

Intertextuality and Parallelomania

How Methodology Helps Navigate Between Too Many and Too Few

intertextual.bible • May 9, 2026 • 10 min read

Intertextuality Rewards Imaginative Reading

Why Creative Engagement with Texts Is Not Eisegesis

intertextual.bible • April 25, 2026 • 9 min read

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible • April 16, 2026 • 12 min read

Intertextuality and Scripturalized Narrative

How Authors Composed New Stories from Older Scriptures

intertextual.bible • March 28, 2026 • 8 min read

Intertextuality and Reception History

The Intersection of Similar Concepts

intertextual.bible • February 9, 2026 • 7 min read

Synchronic and Diachronic Reading

Ways of Making Sense of Complex Literary Relationships

intertextual.bible • January 23, 2026 • 4 min read

Reference Library

4 Baruch: Paraleipomena Jeremiou

Allison, Dale C. • De Gruyter • 2019

Auguries of Hegemony: The Sex Omens of Mesopotamia

Guinan, Ann Kessler • Gender & History, Vol. 9, No. 3 • 1997

Cursed Are You! The Phenomenology of Cursing in Cuneiform and Hebrew Texts

Kitz, Anne Marie • Penn State University Press • 2021

Foreign Women - Women in Foreign Lands: Studies on Foreignness and Gender in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East in the First Millennium BCE

Bodi, Daniel • Mohr Siebeck • 2019

"Gendering Heavenly Secrets? Women, Angels, and the Problem of Misogyny and Magic" in Stratton, Kimberly B.and ‎Dayna S. Kalleres (eds.) Daughters of Hecate: Women and Magic in Antiquity

Reed, Annette Yoshiko • Oxford University Press • 2014

Hollow Men, Strange Women: Riddles, Codes, and Otherness in the Book of Judges

Baker, Robin • Brill • 2016

"In the Arms of Biblical Women" in Greenspoon, Leonard J. (ed.) In the Arms of Biblical Women

Ginio, Alisa Meyuhas • Gorgias Press • 2014

"Jezebel in Jewish and Christian Tradition" in Tervahauta, Ulla, et al. (eds.) Women and Knowledge in Early Christianity

Rasimus, Tuomas • Brill • 2017

Reading the Women of the Bible A New Interpretation of Their Stories

Frymer-Kensky, Tikva • Schocken Books • 2002

Some Unexplored Parallels to 1 Cor 11,11-12 and Gal 3,28: The NT on the Role of Women

Boucher, Madeleine • The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1 • 1969

The Dialogues of Jeremiah: Toward a Phenomenology of Exile

Modine, Mitchel • Gorgias Press • 2014

The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament: Prolegomena for the Study of Christian Origins

Charlesworth, James H. • Cambridge University Press • 1985

Womanist Midrash: A Reintroduction to the Women of the Torah and the Throne

Gafney, Wilda • Westminster John Knox Press • 2017

Women and Gender in Ancient Religions: Interdisciplinary Approaches

Rothschild, Clare K. • Mohr Siebeck • 2010

Women and Gender in Ancient Religions: Interdisciplinary Approaches

Hultin, Jeremy F. • Mohr Siebeck • 2010

Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East

Marsman, Hennie J. • Brill • 2003

Women in the Ancient Near East

Stol, Marten • De Gruyter • 2016

Women in the Bible, Qumran, and Early Rabbinic Literature: Their Status and Roles

Heger, Paul • Brill • 2014

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