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Jubilees expands the reference to Reuben and Bilhah in Genesis 35 by adding details such as Reuben’s motivation, Bilhah’s reaction, and Jacob’s response. Genesis describes the moment in a single line, and Jubilees fills in the narrative gap.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Genesis 35:22
Hebrew Bible
20 Jacob set up a marker over her grave; it is the Marker of Rachel’s Grave to this day. 21 Then Israel traveled on and pitched his tent beyond the Tower of the Flock.43 22 While Israel was living in that land, Reuben went to bed with Bilhah, his father’s concubine, and Israel heard about it. Jacob had twelve sons: 23 The sons of Leah were Reuben, Jacob’s firstborn, as well as Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun. 24 The sons of Rachel were Joseph and Benjamin.
Date: 750–400 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Jubilees 33:2
Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 And Jacob went and lived to the south of Magdaladra'ef. And he went to his father Isaac, he and Leah his wife, on the new moon of the tenth month. 2 And Reuben saw Bilhah, Rachel's female servant, the concubine of his father, bathing in water in a secret place, and he loved her. 3 And he hid himself at night, and he entered the house of Bilhah [at night], and he found her sleeping alone on a bed in her house. 4 And he lay with her, and she awoke and saw, and Reuben was lying with her in the bed, and she uncovered the border of her covering and seized him, and cried out, and discovered that it was Reuben. 5 And she was ashamed because of him, and released her hand from him, and he fled. 6 And she lamented because of this thing bitterly, and did not tell it to anyone.
Date: 170–125 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Reuben is most popularly known as the brother who sought to protect Joseph from being killed. However, the Testament dwells entirely on a brief episode recounted in Genesis 35:22 ... Here in his “testament,” Reuben returns to this episode as well. The story is significantly expanded. Reuben sees Bilhah bathing naked, which plants the idea of fornication with her into his mind. When his father, Jacob, is away visiting Isaac, Reuben enters Bilhah’s tent, finds her naked and uncovered (she had apparently been drinking), and has sex with her without awakening her. As soon as the act is done, an angel informs Jacob about what had happened. He mourns over Reuben and has no further relations with Bilhah. Reuben is afflicted with a disease in his genitalia for seven months and nearly dies, but Jacob prays on his behalf, and God spares him. Convicted of his guilt, Reuben does penance by abstaining from meat, alcohol, and pleasant foods for seven years, remaining conscience-stricken throughout his life. This retelling of the story closely resembles the version found in Jubilees 33:1–8. There, too, Reuben sees Bilhah bathing, enters her tent secretly, and lays with her while she sleeps. In Jubilees, however, Bilhah awakens during the act, cries out aloud, and tells Jacob upon his return about what transpired ..."
David A. DeSilva, The Jewish Teachers of Jesus, James, and Jude: What Earliest Christianity Learned from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 177.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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