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1 Enoch and Jubilees describe the rebellious Watchers thrown into prison until the final judgment, following a tradition where they are held responsible for corrupting the earth by sharing secret knowledge and having children with human women.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 10:4
Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
4 And the Lord also said to Raphael: 'Bind Azâzêl hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: make a hole in the desert in Dûdâêl, and throw him in. 5 Place upon him rough and jagged rocks, cover him with darkness, and let him remain there forever, and cover his face so he may not see light. 6 On the day of great judgment he shall be thrown into the fire. 7 And restore the earth which the angels have corrupted, and announce the restoration of the earth, so that the plague may be healed, and all the children of men may not perish due to the secrets that the Watchers have revealed and taught their children.' 8 The entire earth has been corrupted by the deeds taught by Azâzêl: attribute all sin to him.'
Date: 300 BCE – 100 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
Jubilees 5:6
Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
5 But Noah found grace before the eyes of the Lord. 6 And against the angels whom He had sent upon the earth, He was extremely angry, and He gave orders to root them out of all their authority, and He told us to bind them in the depths of the earth, and they are bound within them, and are (kept) separate. 7 And against their sons He issued a command that they should be struck down with the sword, and be removed from under heaven.
Date: 170–125 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... An extensive body of Second Temple literature developed elaborate scenarios concerning these rebellious angels. Variously referred to as “spirits,” “sons of heaven,” “giants,” and “watchers,” these supernatural beings were judged in Noah's flood and were thought to be imprisoned until the time of their final judgment (1 Enoch 10:11–12; Jubilees 5:6). In this interpretation, Christ “proclaimed” judgment upon the sons of God after achieving his victory on the cross. ..."
Brian Han Gregg, “1 Peter,” in The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament, ed. David E. Aune, The Blackwell Companions to Religion (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 591.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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