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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Highlighted Texts

Rabbinic

Chullin 139b / Exodus 30:23 / Onkelos Exodus 30:23

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Genesis 49:25 / Neofiti Genesis 49:25 Psalm 80:15 / Targum Psalm 80:16 Numbers 20:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:1 Deuteronomy 27:8 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 27:8 2 Chronicles 28:3 / 1 Enoch 27:2 Isaiah 26:19 / Daniel 12:2 Genesis 37:33 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:33 Daniel 4:31 / 4Q242 Leviticus 16:10 / 1 Enoch 10:4 Daniel 6:10 / Tobit 3:11 Isaiah 22:22 / Matthew 16:19 Psalm 58:8 / Acts 13:11 Exodus 29:43 / Neofiti Exodus 29:43 Exodus 1:19 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Exodus 25:8 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Psalm 118:22 / Targum Psalm 118:22 Psalm 118:22 / Matthew 21:42 / Targum Psalm 118:22 Amos 3:7 / Revelation 10:7 Isaiah 43:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 Isaiah 28:25 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:25 Genesis 14:18 / 1Q20 22 Isaiah 44:28 / Zechariah 4:9 Genesis 3:15 / Neofiti Genesis 3:15 Daniel 2:45 / 1 Enoch 103:1 Judges 5:31 / Isaiah 30:26 Proverbs 8:27 / Isaiah 40:22 Genesis 17:17 / Onkelos Genesis 17:17 Genesis 1:14 / 1 Enoch 82:7 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Malachi 2:7 Isaiah 11:2 / Testament of Levi 18:9 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 33:2 2 Kings 19:37 / Tobit 1:21 Exodus 12:6 / Esther 3:12 Deuteronomy 32:43 / 1 Enoch 7:6 Deuteronomy 32:43 / 2 Maccabees 8:3 Deuteronomy 32:43 / Revelation 6:9 Numbers 22:5 / Joshua 13:22 Genesis 2:2 / Pirkei Avot 5:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:2 Genesis 3:24 / Onkelos Genesis 3:24 Leviticus 3:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 3:4 Exodus 19:17 / Onkelos Exodus 19:17 Exodus 20:23 / Onkelos Exodus 20:20 Exodus 24:10 / Onkelos Exodus 24:10 Exodus 24:11 / Onkelos Exodus 24:11 Exodus 30:23 / Onkelos Exodus 30:23 / Chullin 139b Leviticus 8:7 / Onkelos Leviticus 8:7 Exodus 34:27 / Onkelos Exodus 34:27 Exodus 40:4 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 30:4 Genesis 1:2 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:2 Genesis 2:18 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:18 Exodus 1:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:8 / Sotah 11a Exodus 32:6 / Onkelos Exodus 32:6 Isaiah 6:1 / John 12:41 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:1 Leviticus 11:13 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:13 Leviticus 13:3 / Onkelos Leviticus 13:3 Leviticus 24:22 / Onkelos Leviticus 24:22 Leviticus 27:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 27:2 Ezekiel 16:30 / LXX Ezekiel 16:30 Ezekiel 23:20 / LXX Ezekiel 23:20 Amos 5:26 / Jonathan Amos 5:26 2 Samuel 1:21 / Jonathan 2 Samuel 1:21 2 Kings 23:10 / 1 Enoch 27:2 Genesis 18:22 / Onkelos Genesis 18:22 Genesis 2:7 / LXX Genesis 2:7 Genesis 22:13 / LXX Genesis 22:13 Psalms 78:25 / Wisdom of Solomon 16:20 Daniel 3:25 / Acts of Paul and Thecla 22 Exodus 2:5 / Sotah 12b

Ancient Near East

KTU I.3 / Psalm 74:12 Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 4:2 Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 12:32 KAI 26.iii / Exodus 17:14 KAI 26.iii / Deuteronomy 29:20 Esarhaddon Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 29:20 Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup / Deuteronomy 29:20 Code of Hammurabi / Deuteronomy 29:20

Septuagint

LXX 1 Samuel 2:1 / Luke 1:46 LXX Daniel 10:6 / Revelation 19:12

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q246 1 / Luke 1:31 1Q20 6 / Luke 2:19 4Q213 1 / Luke 2:19 1Q20 1 / 2 Thessalonians 2:7

Deuterocanon

2 Maccabees 14:35 / Matthew 18:20 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Pirkei Avot 3:2 Tobit 11:9 / Luke 2:27 Sirach 4:31 / Acts 20:35 1 Maccabees 3:60 / Matthew 6:10 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Tobit 4:19 / Romans 9:18 Sirach 42:9 / Sanhedrin 100b Baruch 5:5 / Luke 13:29 Tobit 2:1 / Acts 2:1

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Levi 3:2 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:7 Jubilees 12:16 / Clement of Alexandria Stromata 5.14.139 1 Enoch 106:20 / Matthew 24:12 1 Enoch 19:2 / LXX Isaiah 13:21 1 Enoch 108:9 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:5 1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 Psalms of Solomon 7:9 / Matthew 11:30 1 Enoch 9:3 / Tobit 3:16

Targum

Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Matthew 2:4 Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 / 1 John 2:13 Targum Psalm 118:22 / Mark 11:9 Neofiti Genesis 25:23 / Avodah Zarah 2b

New Testament

Luke 11:27 / Neofiti Genesis 49:25 John 12:37 / Neofiti Numbers 14:11 Matthew 6:9 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Matthew 19:24 / Berakhot 55b Matthew 5:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:11 Matthew 7:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 27:8 1 John 2:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:25 1 Corinthians 7:9 / Mishnah Ketubot 5:6 Matthew 9:13 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan (A) 4 1 Corinthians 10:7 / Neofiti Exodus 32:6 Luke 16:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 33:15 Romans 13:7 / Nedarim 28a Romans 13:1 / Bava Batra 54b Matthew 5:22 / Neofiti Genesis 9:6 Matthew 18:10 / 2 Baruch 48:19 Matthew 5:22 / Taanit 20b Matthew 5:22 / Sanhedrin 100a

Classical

Pliny Natural History 30.2 / 2 Timothy 3:8 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 1.10.2 / 1Q20 22 Hesiod Theogony 806 / 1 Enoch 18:11

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Psalm 68:18 / Ephesians 4:8 Psalm 49 / Targum Psalm 49 Exodus 29:43 / Neofiti Exodus 29:43 Deuteronomy 33:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:6 Leviticus 22:28 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 22:28 Jeremiah 51:38 / Jonathan Jeremiah 51:38 Isaiah 65:15 / Jonathan Isaiah 65:15 Isaiah 65:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 65:6 Isaiah 22:14 / Jonathan Isaiah 22:14 Genesis 1:1 / Neofiti Genesis 1:1 Exodus 1:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 Genesis 49:25 / Neofiti Genesis 49:25 Exodus 25:8 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Exodus 1:19 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Micah 5:1 / Jonathan Micah 5:1 Numbers 21:5 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 21:5 Exodus 22:31 / Neofiti Exodus 22:30 Isaiah 6:3 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:3 Isaiah 6:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:9 Psalm 118:22 / Targum Psalm 118:22 Psalm 91:10 / Targum Psalm 91:10 Hosea 6:2 / Jonathan Hosea 6:2 Genesis 11:7 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 11:7 Genesis 35:21 / Micah 4:8 Exodus 15:2 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:2 Isaiah 63:16 / Jonathan Isaiah 63:16 Exodus 1:19 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:20 Genesis 39:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 39:10 Isaiah 52:7 / Jonathan Isaiah 52:7 Psalm 82:1 / Targum Psalm 82:1 Psalm 80:15 / Targum Psalm 80:16 Habakkuk 3:2 / Jonathan Habakkuk 3:2 Psalm 82:6 / Targum Psalm 82:6 Genesis 5:24 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 5:24 Numbers 25:12 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 25:12 Exodus 4:24 / Onkelos Exodus 4:24 Exodus 4:24 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 4:24 Isaiah 53:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:10 Isaiah 50:11 / Jonathan Isaiah 50:11 Isaiah 66:24 / Jonathan Isaiah 66:24 Job 32:19 / Mark 2:22 Genesis 15:1 / Neofiti Genesis 15:1 Leviticus 18:5 / Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 Isaiah 24:23 / Jonathan Isaiah 24:23 Isaiah 28:25 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:25 Deuteronomy 34:5 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 34:5 Numbers 20:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:11 Genesis 6:3 / Neofiti Genesis 6:3 Genesis 17:17 / Onkelos Genesis 17:17 Genesis 22:14 / Neofiti Genesis 22:14 Psalm 2:7 / Targum Psalm 2:7 Isaiah 32:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 32:6 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 32:9 Genesis 6:4 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:4 Exodus 24:10 / Onkelos Exodus 24:10 Exodus 24:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 24:10 Isaiah 52:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 52:13 Isaiah 51:16 / Jonathan Isaiah 51:16 Psalm 104:26 / Targum Psalm 104:26 Psalm 50:10 / Targum Psalm 50:10 Numbers 20:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:1 Deuteronomy 27:8 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 27:8 Isaiah 19:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 19:18 Genesis 15:7 / Neofiti Genesis 15:7 Isaiah 43:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 Isaiah 57:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 57:18 Daniel 2:45 / 1 Enoch 103:1 Genesis 3:15 / Neofiti Genesis 3:15 Genesis 4:7 / Neofiti Genesis 4:7 Isaiah 43:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 Isaiah 11:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 11:1 Genesis 37:33 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:33 Exodus 32:5 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 32:5 Deuteronomy 33:8 / Luke 22:31 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 33:8 Genesis 49:10 / Isaiah 63:2 / Neofiti Genesis 49:10 Genesis 25:27 / Jubilees 19:14 / Onkelos Genesis 25:27 Genesis 37:3 / Onkelos Genesis 37:3 Genesis 37:28 / Amos 2:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:28 Genesis 49:10 / Onkelos Genesis 49:10 Isaiah 63:13 / Wisdom of Solomon 19:7 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:19 Exodus 15:22 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22 Exodus 24:8 / Onkelos Exodus 24:8 Psalm 118:22 / Matthew 21:42 / Targum Psalm 118:22 Exodus 20:5 / Onkelos Exodus 20:5 Deuteronomy 9:17 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 32:19 Genesis 29:26 / Onkelos Genesis 29:26 Genesis 18:8 / Jubilees 16:1 / Neofiti Genesis 18:8 Genesis 38:24 / Leviticus 21:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 38:24 Genesis 3:14 / Numbers 23:3 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 23:3 Numbers 22:5 / Joshua 13:22 Jeremiah 7:11 / Jonathan Jeremiah 7:11 Exodus 16:13 / Numbers 11:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 16:13 Numbers 14:9 / Neofiti Numbers 14:9 Deuteronomy 28:13 / Onkelos Deuteronomy 28:13 Ezekiel 18:2 / Jonathan Ezekiel 18:2 Exodus 3:7 / Onkelos Exodus 3:7 Psalm 6:9 / Targum Psalm 6:10 Isaiah 25:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 25:10 1 Kings 22:19 / Jonathan 1 Kings 22:19 1 Kings 22:19 / 1 Enoch 14:19 / Jonathan 1 Kings 22:19 Isaiah 6:1 / LXX Isaiah 6:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:1 Genesis 17:22 / Onkelos Genesis 17:22 Genesis 28:16 / Onkelos Genesis 28:16 Deuteronomy 23:14 / Onkelos Deuteronomy 23:15 Numbers 12:8 / LXX Numbers 12:8 / Onkelos Numbers 12:8 Genesis 20:3 / Onkelos Genesis 20:3 Genesis 21:22 / Onkelos Genesis 21:22 Deuteronomy 1:30 / Onkelos Deuteronomy 1:30 Psalm 68:6 / Targum Psalm 68:7 Numbers 12:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 12:1 Genesis 27:13 / Onkelos Genesis 27:13 Genesis 10:10 / Onkelos Genesis 10:10 Leviticus 23:42 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 23:42 Exodus 22:5 / Neofiti Exodus 22:4 Deuteronomy 33:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:11 Lamentations 4:21 / Targum Lamentations 4:21 1 Samuel 4:1 / Jonathan 1 Samuel 4:1 1 Samuel 19:13 / Jonathan 1 Samuel 19:13 Genesis 1:1 / Onkelos Genesis 1:1 Genesis 1:31 / Onkelos Genesis 1:31 Genesis 2:1 / Onkelos Genesis 2:1 Genesis 2:7 / Onkelos Genesis 2:7 Genesis 2:9 / Onkelos Genesis 2:9 Genesis 2:2 / Pirkei Avot 5:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:2 Genesis 2:23 / Onkelos Genesis 2:23 Genesis 3:3 / Onkelos Genesis 3:3 Genesis 3:5 / Onkelos Genesis 3:5 Genesis 3:6 / Onkelos Genesis 3:6 Genesis 3:16 / Onkelos Genesis 3:16 / Eruvin 100b Genesis 3:15 / Onkelos Genesis 3:15 Genesis 3:21 / Onkelos Genesis 3:21 Genesis 3:22 / Onkelos Genesis 3:22 Genesis 3:24 / Onkelos Genesis 3:24 Exodus 5:3 / Onkelos Exodus 5:3 Exodus 1:8 / Onkelos Exodus 1:8 Exodus 2:24 / Onkelos Exodus 2:24 Exodus 2:25 / Onkelos Exodus 2:25 Exodus 3:1 / Onkelos Exodus 3:1 Exodus 3:12 / Onkelos Exodus 3:12 Exodus 4:6 / Onkelos Exodus 4:6 Exodus 4:20 / Onkelos Exodus 4:20 Exodus 4:14 / Onkelos Exodus 4:14 Exodus 5:2 / Onkelos Exodus 5:2 Exodus 6:1 / Onkelos Exodus 6:1 Exodus 7:1 / Onkelos Exodus 7:1 Exodus 8:5 / Onkelos Exodus 8:1 / Sanhedrin 67b Exodus 9:29 / Onkelos Exodus 9:29 Leviticus 1:9 / Onkelos Leviticus 1:9 Leviticus 3:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 3:4 Leviticus 4:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 4:2 Leviticus 5:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 5:4 Leviticus 5:19 / Onkelos Leviticus 5:19 Leviticus 6:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 5:21 Exodus 12:12 / Onkelos Exodus 12:12 Exodus 12:19 / Onkelos Exodus 12:19 Exodus 12:43 / Onkelos Exodus 12:43 Exodus 13:5 / Onkelos Exodus 13:5 Exodus 14:20 / Onkelos Exodus 14:20 Exodus 14:15 / Onkelos Exodus 14:15 Exodus 14:25 / Onkelos Exodus 14:25 Exodus 15:3 / Onkelos Exodus 15:3 Exodus 15:7 / Onkelos Exodus 15:7 Exodus 15:8 / Onkelos Exodus 15:8 Exodus 15:11 / Onkelos Exodus 15:11 Exodus 16:3 / Onkelos Exodus 16:3 Exodus 17:6 / Onkelos Exodus 17:6 Exodus 18:11 / Onkelos Exodus 18:11 Exodus 19:17 / Onkelos Exodus 19:17 Exodus 19:19 / Oneklos Exodus 19:19 Exodus 19:6 / Onkelos Exodus 19:6 Exodus 20:23 / Onkelos Exodus 20:20 Exodus 21:6 / Onkelos Exodus 21:6 Exodus 21:20 / Onkelos Exodus 21:20 Exodus 22:3 / Onkelos Exodus 22:2 Exodus 22:28 / Onkelos Exodus 22:27 Exodus 23:13 / Onkelos Exodus 23:13 Exodus 23:19 / Onkelos Exodus 23:19 Exodus 23:20 / Onkelos Exodus 23:20 Exodus 24:11 / Onkelos Exodus 24:11 Exodus 25:22 / Onkelos Exodus 25:22 Exodus 27:14 / Onkelos Exodus 27:14 Exodus 28:12 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 28:12 Exodus 29:45 / Onkelos Exodus 29:45 Exodus 29:18 / Onkelos Exodus 29:18 Exodus 30:23 / Onkelos Exodus 30:23 / Chullin 139b Exodus 32:6 / Onkelos Exodus 32:6 Exodus 32:25 / Onkelos Exodus 32:25 Leviticus 7:26 / Onkelos Leviticus 7:26 Leviticus 8:7 / Onkelos Leviticus 8:7 Leviticus 8:8 / Onkelos Leviticus 8:8 Leviticus 8:1 / Onkelos Leviticus 8:1 Exodus 33:3 / Onkelos Exodus 33:3 Exodus 33:20 / Onkelos Exodus 33:20 Exodus 33:7 / Onkelos Exodus 33:7 Exodus 34:27 / Onkelos Exodus 34:27 Exodus 34:7 / Onkelos Exodus 34:7 Exodus 38:21 / Onkelos Exodus 38:21 Exodus 38:8 / Onkelos Exodus 38:8 Exodus 40:4 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 30:4 Isaiah 28:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:5 Isaiah 6:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:13 Isaiah 9:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 9:6 1 Kings 18:27 / Jonathan 1 Kings 18:27 Genesis 1:2 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:2 Genesis 1:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:6 / Genesis Rabbah 4:3 Genesis 1:26 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:26 Genesis 18:20 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 18:20 Genesis 1:27 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:27 Genesis 2:7 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:7 / Genesis Rabbah 14:4 Genesis 2:7 / 2 Enoch 30:13 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:7 Genesis 2:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:9 / Genesis Rabbah 15:6 Genesis 2:18 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:18 Genesis 2:25 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:25 / Genesis Rabbah 12:6 Genesis 3:5 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:5 Genesis 3:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:9 Genesis 3:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:15 Genesis 3:16 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:16 / Eruvin 100b Exodus 1:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:8 / Sotah 11a Genesis 9:24 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 9:24 Jeremiah 7:11 / 2 Clement 14:1 / Jonathan Jeremiah 7:11 Isaiah 3:2 / 1 Corinthians 1:20 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:2 Isaiah 6:1 / John 12:41 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:1 Isaiah 53:5 / John 2:19 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:6 Leviticus 9:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 9:4 Leviticus 10:18 / Onkelos Leviticus 10:18 Leviticus 11:13 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:13 Isaiah 4:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 4:2 Isaiah 5:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 5:10 Isaiah 5:25 / Revelation 9:20 / Jonathan Isaiah 5:25 Isaiah 6:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:2 Isaiah 7:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 7:6 Isaiah 8:19 / Luke 24:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 8:19 Isaiah 10:27 / Jonathan Isaiah 10:27 Isaiah 11:4 / Jonathan Isaiah 11:4 Isaiah 14:12 / Luke 10:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 14:12 Isaiah 14:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 14:13 Isaiah 16:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 16:1 Isaiah 18:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 18:1 Isaiah 23:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 23:1 Isaiah 24:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 24:1 Isaiah 27:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 27:1 Isaiah 30:26 / Jonathan Isaiah 30:26 Isaiah 34:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 34:9 Isaiah 43:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:2 Isaiah 51:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 51:9 Isaiah 63:6 / Ephesians 4:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 63:6 Isaiah 64:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 64:4 1 Samuel 4:8 / Jonathan 1 Samuel 4:8 Leviticus 11:43 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:43 Leviticus 12:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 12:2 Leviticus 13:3 / Onkelos Leviticus 13:3 Leviticus 14:34 / Onkelos Leviticus 14:34 Leviticus 15:33 / Onkelos Leviticus 15:33 Leviticus 16:1 / Onkelos Leviticus 16:1 Leviticus 16:8 / Onkelos Leviticus 16:8 Leviticus 16:12 / Onkelos Leviticus 16:12 Leviticus 17:10 / Onkelos Leviticus 17:10 Leviticus 18:21 / Onkelos Leviticus 18:21 Leviticus 19:18 / Onkelos Leviticus 19:18 Leviticus 19:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 19:4 Leviticus 20:5 / Onkelos Leviticus 20:5 Leviticus 24:22 / Onkelos Leviticus 24:22 Leviticus 26:25 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:25 Leviticus 26:46 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:46 Leviticus 27:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 27:2 Numbers 11:25 / Onkelos Numbers 11:25 Amos 5:9 / Jonathan Amos 5:9 Amos 5:26 / Jonathan Amos 5:26 Amos 7:14 / Jonathan Amos 7:14 Amos 9:1 / Jonathan Amos 9:1 Genesis 5:24 / 1 Enoch 12:1 / Neofiti Genesis 5:24 2 Samuel 1:21 / Jonathan 2 Samuel 1:21 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 18:20 Amos 4:4 / Jonathan Amos 4:4 Genesis 2:7 / LXX Genesis 2:7 Genesis 22:13 / LXX Genesis 22:13

Ancient Near East

KAI 26.iii / 1 Samuel 15:11 KAI 26.iii / Exodus 17:14 KAI 26.iii / Psalm 82:1 KAI 26.iii / Deuteronomy 29:20 KAI 26.iii / Daniel 2:37 KAI 26.iii / Ezekiel 26:7 Panamuwa Inscription / 2 Kings 10:7

Septuagint

LXX Hosea 6:2 / 1 Corinthians 15:4 / Jonathan Hosea 6:2

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q246 1 / Luke 1:31 4Q213 1 / Luke 2:19

Deuterocanon

2 Maccabees 14:35 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Wisdom of Solomon 10:21 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:2

Pseudepigrapha

4 Ezra 6:38 / Neofiti Genesis 1:1 Jubilees 7:20 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2 Jubilees 3:31 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2 Jubilees 30:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 18:21 Jubilees 32:3 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 32:25 1 Enoch 8:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2

Targum

Jonathan Jeremiah 51:39 / Revelation 2:11 Targum Psalm 49:11 / Revelation 2:11 Jonathan Isaiah 22:14 / Revelation 2:11 Jonathan Isaiah 65:6 / Revelation 2:11 Jonathan Isaiah 65:15 / Isaiah 65:15 / Revelation 2:11 Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Matthew 2:4 Jonathan Isaiah 6:3 / Luke 2:14 Targum Psalm 118:22 / Mark 11:9 Targum Psalm 91:13 / Luke 10:19 Neofiti Genesis 1:1 / Genesis Rabbah 1 Jerusalem Genesis 38:26 / Matthew 7:2 Jonathan Numbers 24:15 / Matthew 13:17 Targum Psalm 68:19 / Ephesians 4:8 Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 / 1 John 2:13 Jonathan Isaiah 55:1 / John 6:45 Jonathan Isaiah 43:5 / 1 John 2:1 Jonathan Isaiah 59:19 / Revelation 19:13 Jonathan Habakkuk 3:2 / Romans 2:4 Targum Psalm 104:26 / Leviticus Rabbah 13:3 Targum Psalm 104:26 / Pesikta D'Rav Kahanna Supp. 2:4 Targum Psalms 50:10 / 2 Baruch 29:4 Targum Psalm 104:26 / 2 Baruch 29:4 Neofiti Genesis 15:7 / Genesis Rabbah 38:13 Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 / John 8:56 Neofiti Genesis 25:23 / Avodah Zarah 2b Onkelos Exodus 18:21 / Matthew 6:24

New Testament

Matthew 7:1 / Berakhot 55a Matthew 7:1 / Sotah 8b Matthew 5:48 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 22:28 Revelation 2:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:6 Revelation 1:4 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 3:14 John 8:28 / Neofiti Exodus 29:46 John 1:1 / Neofiti Genesis 1:1 Luke 11:27 / Neofiti Genesis 49:25 Matthew 6:9 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 1 Corinthians 10:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 21:5 Matthew 15:27 / Neofiti Exodus 22:30 Luke 6:36 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 22:28 Mark 4:11 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:9 Matthew 2:13 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 1 Corinthians 15:47 / Targum Psalm 49:3 John 12:37 / Neofiti Numbers 14:11 Matthew 5:22 / Neofiti Genesis 9:6 Matthew 7:12 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 19:18 Matthew 21:41 / Jonathan Isaiah 5:5 Matthew 5:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:11 Matthew 26:52 / Jonathan Isaiah 50:11 Galatians 3:13 / Targum Ruth 1:17 Matthew 7:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 27:8 Mark 1:11 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 Matthew 5:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 32:6 1 Timothy 2:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 1 Peter 3:3 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 2 Peter 3:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 26:10 1 Timothy 1:17 / Jonathan Isaiah 30:33 1 Corinthians 15:52 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 20:19 1 Thessalonians 4:16 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 20:19 1 John 2:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:25 Revelation 19:13 / Neofiti Genesis 49:11 3 John 1:7 / Jonathan Isaiah 48:11 Mark 11:2 / Onkelos Genesis 49:10 Galatians 4:29 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:9 Matthew 7:2 / Neofiti Numbers 12:16 Matthew 7:2 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 12:17 Luke 16:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 33:15 Matthew 6:20 / Neofiti Genesis 15:1 Luke 11:27 / Genesis Rabbah 98:20 Luke 10:28 / Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 John 12:28 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 34:5 John 19:34 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 20:8 Romans 2:4 / Neofiti Genesis 6:3 Romans 4:20 / Neofiti Genesis 22:14 1 Corinthians 10:7 / Neofiti Exodus 32:6 John 1:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:3 Acts 7:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 41:43 1 Corinthians 15 / Neofiti Genesis 3:22 Revelation 2:17 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 16:4 Matthew 5:22 / Taanit 20b 1 Corinthians 10:4 / Onkelos Numbers 21:19

Early Christian

1 Clement 51:3 / Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 26:9

Rabbinic

Shabbat 133b / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 22:28 Menachot 85a / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 Megillah 10b / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 14:24 Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 4:1 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:26

Classical

Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 23:5 / Neofiti Genesis 15:7 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 10:7 / Onkelos Numbers 21:19

Samaritan

Samaritan Numbers 12:1 / Onkelos Numbers 12:1

Matching Tags

Changing Divine Speech 55 Hidden Manna 2 Second Death 11 World Tree 19

Glossary Terms

Aramaic Aramaicism Logos Memra Meturgeman Sifra Targum

Articles

Biblical Texts Require the Tools of Historiography

What Intertextuality Reveals About How to Read the Bible

intertextual.bible • May 2, 2026 • 11 min read

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible • April 16, 2026 • 12 min read

Intertextuality and Scripturalized Narrative

How Authors Composed New Stories from Older Scriptures

intertextual.bible • March 28, 2026 • 8 min read

The Significance of the Differences Between Text Traditions

How Divergent Traditions Reveal What Was Important to Translators and Interpreters

intertextual.bible • March 13, 2026 • 7 min read

Texts in Conversation

Intertextuality in Action

intertextual.bible • November 28, 2025 • 4 min read

Reference Library

1 Corinthians 7 in the Light of the Jewish Greek and Aramaic Marriage and Divorce Papyri

Instone-Brewer, David • Tyndale Bulletin, 52.2 • 2001

Daniel Evokes Isaiah: Allusive Characterization of Foreign Rule in the Hebrew-Aramaic Book of Daniel

Lester, G. Brooke • Bloomsbury T&T Clark • 2015

Greek Gospels and Aramaic Dead Sea Scrolls: Compositional, Conceptual, and Cultural Intersections

Perrin, Andrew B. • De Gruyter • 2020

"Hebraisti in Ancient Texts: Does Ἑβραϊστί Ever Mean 'Aramaic'?" in Buth, Randall, and R. Steven Notley (eds.) The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels

Buth, Randall and Chad Pierce • Brill • 2014

Matthew 16:18: The Petros-petra Wordplay - Greek, Aramaic, or Hebrew?

Biven, David • Jerusalem Perspective, No. 46-47 • 1994

Septuagint, Targum and Beyond: Comparing Aramaic and Greek Versions from Jewish Antiquity

Cook, Johann • Brill • 2019

Targum and Testament Revisited Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament

McNamara, Martin • William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company • 2010

The Aramaic Bible: Targums in their Historical Context

Betz, Otto • Sheffield Academic Press • 1994

The Aramaic Levi Document: Edition, Translation, Commentary

Greenfield, Jonas C. • Brill • 2004

The Dead Sea Scrolls: Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek Texts with English Translations

Charlesworth, James H. • Westminster John Knox Press • 1995

"Words and Formulae in the Gospels in the Light of Hebrew and Aramaic Sources" in Becker, Hans-Jürgen and Serge Ruzer (eds.) The Sermon on the Mount and its Jewish Setting

Kister, Menahem • J. Gabalda • 2005

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