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1 Enoch argues for a 364-day calendar through astronomy, tracking how far the moon falls behind the sun each year. Jubilees follows the same tradition and expresses it as a command, warning Israel to not follow anyone who organizes time by the moon.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 74:14
Pseudepigrapha
13 When five years are combined, the sun accumulates an excess of thirty days. For each five-year cycle, the total days are 364. 14 The sun and stars manage to synchronize over time, not advancing or delaying their position by even a day, but they complete the year perfectly just in 364 days. 15 In three years, there are 1092 days calculated for the sun.
Jubilees 6:32
Pseudepigrapha
31 So it has been engraved and ordained on the heavenly tablets. One is not allowed to transgress a single year, year by year. 32 Now you command the Israelites to keep the years in this number — 364 days. Then the year will be complete and it will not disturb its time from its days or from its festivals because everything will happen in harmony with their testimony. They will neither omit a day nor disturb a festival. 33 If they transgress and do not celebrate them in accord with his command, then all of them will disturb their times. The years will be moved from this; they will disturb the times and the years will be moved. They will transgress their prescribed pattern.
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Notes and References
... It was known already when Dillmann published the first modern translation and text of Jubilees that 364 as the number of days in a year was not unique to Jubilees, since the angel Uriel reveals a calendar of the same length to Enoch in 1 Enoch 72:32 (and through the entire chapter) as well as in 74:10, 12; 75:2; 82:6. As several passages in the astronomical chapters of 1 Enoch disclose, the writer is defending the thesis that the year consists of 364 days against others who advocate one of 360 days (with twelve months of thirty days each; 75:1-3; 82:4-7). 1 Enoch 72—82 and especially the Aramaic remains of the book (4Q208—211) show that the Enochic astronomical work devoted a great deal of attention to the moon and did not reject it from calendar calculations as Jubilees does. Moreover, the Enochic writer defines the length of the months in the 364-day calendar (and in the lunar one), unlike the author of Jubilees, who never explicitly indicates how long a month lasts. The calendar texts from Qumran demonstrate that, like Enoch, the writers used both a solar calendar of 364 days in a year (the number is stated and fully preserved in 4Q252 ii:3 and 11Q5 xxvii:5—6) and a lunar “year” of 354 days. ...
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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