Texts in Conversation
Exodus 25 describes God’s instruction to build a sanctuary so that He may live with the people. The Aramaic translation in Targum Neofiti connects this to the “Shekhinah,” a mediated form of the divine presence found throughout Jewish tradition.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Exodus 25:8
Hebrew Bible
3 This is the offering you are to accept from them: gold, silver, bronze, 4 blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, goats’ hair, 5 ram skins dyed red, fine leather, acacia wood, 6 oil for the light, spices for the anointing oil and for fragrant incense, 7 onyx stones, and other gems to be set in the ephod and in the breastpiece. 8 Let them make for me a sanctuary, so that I may live among them. 9 According to all that I am showing you—the pattern of the tabernacle and the pattern of all its furnishings—you must make it exactly so.
Date: 750–400 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Neofiti Exodus 25:8
Targum
3 This is the contribution you must receive from them: gold, silver, bronze, 4 blue, purple, and precious crimson material, fine linen, and goats’ hair, 5 reddened ram skins, sasgewan skins, and acacia wood, 6 oil for lighting, spices for anointing oil and fragrant incense, 7 precious stones and stones to be set in the ephod and breastpiece. 8 They must build a sanctuary to my Name, and I will make the Glory of my Shekinah dwell among them. 9 ⟨According to⟩ everything I show you about the design of the tabernacle and the design of all its furnishings, that is how you must make it.
Date: 300–1000 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... The term shekhinta, in Hebrew Shekhinah (“dwelling,” “[Divine] presence”), is quite common in the Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible (Targumim) and in other parts of rabbinic literature. It originates from the idea of God’s dwelling in a sanctuary, especially the Jerusalem Temple, and is based on longstanding biblical traditions, but the term itself is perhaps first attested in the Greek text of 2 Maccabees 14:35. God’s dwelling, however, was not imagined as limited to the Temple, particularly at times when there was no functioning temple. The Divine presence was attributed also to other contexts, such as a gathering of judges or of small groups of people, not necessarily in a liturgical setting. One of the best-known expressions of this idea is found in Mishnah tractate Avot (3:2), which reads, “But two who are sitting together and there are words of Torah [spoken] between them, the Divine Presence [Shekhinah] rests with them.” This and similar sayings find an interesting analogy in the New Testament: “For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them” (Mt 18:20). Despite the differences, there seem to be profound connections between the different sayings, beyond a common basis in the Hebrew Bible ..."
Joseph Sievers, “‘Where Two or Three . . .’: Shekhinah and Matthew 18:20: Foundations for Jewish-Christian Dialogue and Beyond?” Claritas: Journal of Dialogue and Culture 6.1 (2017): 25–39.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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