Texts in Conversation
The Aramaic translation of Leviticus 19 in Targum Onkelos links loving your neighbor with God’s rule. By connecting love, rejecting revenge, and shared life under one God, it teaches that everyone is your neighbor and deserves the same care.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Leviticus 19:18
Hebrew Bible
17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. 18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord. 19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed together, you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed, and you must not wear a garment made of two different kinds of material.
Date: 750–400 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Onkelos Leviticus 19:18
Targum
17 You shall not hate your brother in your heart: you shall certainly correct your neighbor and not incur sin because of him. 18 You shall not be revengeful, nor bear a grudge against the children of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord. 19 You shall observe My statutes. You shall not crossbreed your cattle with other kinds, sow your field with mixed kinds of seed, or wear a garment made from a mixture of wool and linen.
Date: 50–500 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... This verse, which contains what is certainly the most popular command in the Torah, “Love your fellow as yourself,” the “Golden Rule,” is almost always quoted out of the context of the entire verse. The commandment is sandwiched between two statements that show its true meaning and significance. By introducing the mandate of loving fellow humans with the requirement of eschewing vengeance, which is an act, the Torah is informing its readers that unless “love of fellow” is also translated into concrete and appropriate social action, one misses the mark. Secondly, following the Golden Rule is the reminder “I am the Lord,” which emphasizes that the basis of the Golden Rule is the fact that God created all humans and that all people, no matter what their religion, sex, or origin, are the “children of God.” Pulling the Golden Rule out of its context diminishes both the understanding and the strength of this extraordinary biblical command ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 150.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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