Timeline

Divine Bodies

Ancient Near Eastern, biblical, and Second Temple texts often describe deities with bodies. Gods appear in visible form, walk, sit, march, and fight, occupy specific locations, and possess spatial extent that could in the mind of the ancient person be measured or seen. The Hebrew Bible inherits this conception, depicting God enthroned, manifesting in glory, marching into battle as a warrior, and meeting people face to face. Later Jewish and Christian writings continued to wrestle with these texts describing God with a body, especially in light of the theological innovation that eventually rejected the idea of God having a body.

Timeline

Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:10
1. 1800–1750 BCE
  
  Enuma Elish IV
  
  Ancient Near East, Babylonian
  
  After the gods his fathers had decreed for the lord his fate, They caused him to set out on a path of prosperity and success. He made ready the bow, he chose his weapon, He set an arrow in place, put the bow string on. He raised the club, in his right hand he grasped (it), The bow and the quiver he hung at his side. He set the lightning in front of him, With burning flame he filled his body. He made a net to enclose the inward parts of Tiamat, The four winds he stationed so that nothing of her might escape; The South wind and the North wind and the East wind and the West wind He brought near to the net, the gift of his father Anu.
2. 200–101 BCE
  
  Daniel 7:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 “While I was watching, thrones were set up, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His attire was white like snow; the hair of his head was like lamb’s wool. His throne was ablaze with fire, and its wheels were all aflame. 10 A river of fire was streaming forth and proceeding from his presence. Many thousands were ministering to him; many tens of thousands stood ready to serve him. The court convened, and the books were opened. 11 “Then I kept on watching because of the arrogant words of the horn that was speaking. I was watching until the beast was killed and its body destroyed and thrown into the flaming fire.
Enuma Elish IV / Habakkuk 3:5
1. 1800–1750 BCE
  
  Enuma Elish IV
  
  Ancient Near East, Babylonian
  
  He harnessed and yoked to it four horses, Destructive, ferocious, overwhelming, and swift of pace; Their lips were parted, their teeth bore venom, They were strangers to weariness, trained to sweep forward. At his right hand he stationed raging battle and strife, On the left, conflict that overwhelms a united battle array. He was clad in a tunic, a fearful coat of mail, With overpowering brightness his head was crowned.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:5
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads.
Hymns and Prayers to Amun-Re / Habakkuk 3:6
1. 1550 BCE
  
  Hymns and Prayers to Amun-Re
  
  Ancient Near East, Egyptian
  
  The Sundisk’s beams streamed from the sky because of your face, Hapy first surged from his cavern because of your primeval presence; Earth was established because of your heavenly voyaging; and to you, alone, belongs all that Geb nurtures. Your Name is potent, your power preeminent; even mountains of iron cannot withstand your might! Divine Falcon with extended wings. swift, seizing in a second whoever attacks him; Hidden Lion with resounding war-cry, who hugs to himself whatever comes under his claws; Strong Bull over his city, lion over his people, swishing his tail at whatever annoys him. Earth shakes when he puts forth his cry; all that exists is in fear of his majesty. He is mighty, there are none of his kind - he is perfection of Power, pattern for the Ennead.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads. 7 I saw the tents of Cushan overwhelmed by trouble; the tent curtains of the land of Midian were shaking.
Great Hymn to the Aten / Habakkuk 3:3
1. 1353–1336 BCE
  
  Great Hymn to the Aten
  
  Ancient Near East, Egyptian
  
  You rise beautifully on the horizon of the sky, O living Aten, creator of life! When you dawn on the eastern horizon, you fill every land with your beauty. You are splendid, great, radiant, high above every land; your rays encompass the lands to the limit of all that you have made. Since you are Re, you reach to the end of them, and you subdue them for your beloved son. Though you are far away, your rays are upon the earth; though you are before their faces, no one sees your goings.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him.
KTU 1.2 IV:21 / Psalm 74:13
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.2 IV:21
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  The mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the shoulders of Prince Yamm, the chest of Ruler Nahar. But Yamm was strong, he did not flinch. His joints did not tremble; his visage was not discomposed. Kothar fashioned two maces, and he pronounced their names. You, your name is ‘All-Driver’ All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!’ Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm,
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults?
  Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;
  you put the moon and sun in place.
KTU 1.3 III:37 / Psalm 74:12
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:37
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Watch! Anat sees the gods. Below, her feet start shaking. All around, her limbs are shivering. Up above, her face sweats. Shudders wrack the bones of every limb; the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire. I annihilated El’s daughter, Zabiba. I’ve reaped silver from my fighting; I’ve taken possession of gold of those who drove Baal from the heights of Sapan”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults?
  Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;
  you put the moon and sun in place.
KTU 1.3 III:38 / Job 26:12
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Watch! Anat sees the gods. Below, her feet start shaking. All around, her limbs are shivering. Up above, her face sweats. Shudders wrack the bones of every limb; the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire. I annihilated El’s daughter, Zabiba. I’ve reaped silver from my fighting; I’ve taken possession of gold of those who drove Baal from the heights of Sapan”
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Job 26:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 He marks out the horizon on the surface of the waters as a boundary between light and darkness. 11 The pillars of the heavens tremble and are amazed at his rebuke. 12 By his power he stills the sea; by his wisdom he cut Rahab the great sea monster to pieces. 13 By his breath the skies became fair; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent. 14 Indeed, these are but the outer fringes of his ways! How faint is the whisper we hear of him! But who can understand the thunder of his power?”
KTU 1.3 III:38 / Isaiah 51:9
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Watch! Anat sees the gods. Below, her feet start shaking. All around, her limbs are shivering. Up above, her face sweats. Shudders wrack the bones of every limb; the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire. I annihilated El’s daughter, Zabiba. I’ve reaped silver from my fighting; I’ve taken possession of gold of those who drove Baal from the heights of Sapan”
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 51:9
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash Rahab? Did you not wound the sea monster? 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear. 12 “I, I am the one who consoles you. Why are you afraid of mortal men, of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass?
KTU 1.3 III:38 / Psalm 89:10
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Watch! Anat sees the gods. Below, her feet start shaking. All around, her limbs are shivering. Up above, her face sweats. Shudders wrack the bones of every limb; the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire. I annihilated El’s daughter, Zabiba. I’ve reaped silver from my fighting; I’ve taken possession of gold of those who drove Baal from the heights of Sapan”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 89:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies!
  Who is strong like you, O Lord?
  Your faithfulness surrounds you. 9 You rule over the proud sea.
  When its waves surge, you calm them. 10 You crushed the Proud One and killed it;
  with your strong arm you scattered your enemies. 11 The heavens belong to you, as does the earth.
  You made the world and all it contains. 12 You created the north and the south.
  Tabor and Hermon rejoice in your name.
KTU 1.3 III:38 / Psalm 104:3
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 104:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Praise the Lord, O my soul!
  O Lord my God, you are magnificent.
  You are robed in splendor and majesty. 2 He covers himself with light as if it were a garment.
  He stretches out the skies like a tent curtain 3 and lays the beams on water in his upper rooms.
  He makes the clouds his chariot
  and travels on the wings of the wind. 4 He makes the winds his messengers
  and the flaming fire his attendant.
KTU 1.3 III:37 / Isaiah 19:1
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:37
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 19:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt. The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage. 2 “I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms. 3 The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.
KTU 1.3 III:38 / 2 Samuel 22:11
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 22:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 The earth heaved and shook; the foundations of the sky trembled. They heaved because he was angry. 9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals. 10 He made the sky sink as he descended; a thick cloud was under his feet. 11 He mounted a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. 12 He shrouded himself in darkness, in thick rain clouds. 13 From the brightness in front of him came coals of fire. 14 The Lord thundered from the sky; the Most High shouted loudly.
KTU 1.3 III:37 / Deuteronomy 33:26
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:37
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 The bars of your gates will be made of iron and bronze,
  and may you have lifelong strength.” 26 “There is no one like God, O Jeshurun,
  who rides through the sky to help you,
  on the clouds in majesty. 27 The everlasting God is a refuge,
  and underneath you are his eternal arms;
  he has driven out enemies before you,
  and has said, ‘Destroy!’ 28 Israel lives in safety,
  the fountain of Jacob is quite secure,
  in a land of grain and new wine;
  indeed, its heavens rain down dew.
KTU 1.3 III:38 / Psalm 68:4
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 III:38
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 68:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away.
  As wax melts before fire,
  so the wicked are destroyed before God. 3 But the godly are happy;
  they rejoice before God
  and are overcome with joy. 4 Sing to God!
  Sing praises to his name.
  Exalt the one who rides on the clouds.
  For the Lord is his name. Rejoice before him. 5 He is a father to the fatherless
  and an advocate for widows.
  God rules from his holy dwelling place.
KTU 1.3 V:25 / Amos 9:6
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.3 V:25
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Then Virgin Anat replied: “Do not let the sons of your house, O El, do not let the daughters of your house rejoice, do not let the children of your palace rejoice! I shall surely seize them in my right hand, and smite them by the strength of my long arm! I shall strike the top of your skull, and make your gray hair run with blood, the gray hair of your beard with gore!” El replied from within the seven chambers, through the eight façades of the closed rooms: “I know you, daughter, that you are pitiless, and that among goddesses there is no contempt like yours! What do you desire of me, O Virgin Anat?” And Virgin Anat replied:
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Amos 9:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 The Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies will do this. He touches the earth and it dissolves; all who live on it mourn. The whole earth rises like the Nile River and then grows calm like the Nile in Egypt. 6 He builds the upper rooms of his palace in heaven and sets its foundation supports on the earth. He summons the water of the sea and pours it out on the earth’s surface. The Lord is his name. 7 “You Israelites are just like the Ethiopians in my sight,” says the Lord. “Certainly I brought Israel up from the land of Egypt, but I also brought the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir.
KTU 1.4 V:54 / Psalm 48:2
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.4 V:54
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  A fatling right in front of him. A throne is arranged, and he takes a seat At the right hand of Mightiest Baal As the gods dine and drink. Mightiest Baal declares: [...] [Kothar-wa-Hasis] Hurry, the house, Kothar Quickly construct the palace. You must promptly build the house You must swiftly construct the palace On the peak of Sapan. Let the house span a thousand fields The palace, ten thousand hectares.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 48:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 A song, a psalm by the Korahites.
  The Lord is great
  and certainly worthy of praise
  in the city of our God,
  his holy hill. 2 It is lofty and pleasing to look at,
  a source of joy to the whole earth.
  Mount Zion resembles the peaks of Zaphon;
  it is the city of the great king. 3 God is in its fortresses;
  he reveals himself as its defender. 4 For look, the kings assemble;
  they advance together.
KTU 1.4 V:51 / Ezekiel 28:13
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.4 V:51
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  As the gods dine and drink. Mightiest Baal declares: [...] [Kothar-wa-Hasis] Hurry, the house, Kothar Quickly construct the palace. You must promptly build the house You must swiftly construct the palace On the peak of Sapan. Let the house span a thousand fields The palace, ten thousand hectares. And Kothar-wa-Hasis replies: Listen, Mightiest Baal
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Ezekiel 28:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 “Son of man, sing a lament for the king of Tyre, and say to him, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘You were the sealer of perfection, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty. 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God. Every precious stone was your covering, the ruby, topaz, and emerald, the chrysolite, onyx, and jasper, the sapphire, turquoise, and beryl; your settings and mounts were made of gold. On the day you were created they were prepared. 14 I placed you there with an anointed guardian cherub; you were on the holy mountain of God; you walked about amidst fiery stones. 15 You were blameless in your behavior from the day you were created, until sin was discovered in you.
KTU 1.5 I:1 / Isaiah 27:1
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.5 I:1
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Though you struck Litan the wriggling serpent, finished off the writhing serpent, Encircler-with-seven-heads, the skies will be hot, they will shine when I tear you in pieces: I shall devour you, elbows, blood and forearms; You will indeed go down into the throat of divine Mot (death), into the maw of the Beloved of El, the hero. The gods departed and did not stay. Then they set their faces
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 27:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 At that time the Lord will punish with his destructive, great, and powerful sword Leviathan the fast-moving serpent, Leviathan the squirming serpent; he will kill the sea monster. 2 When that time comes, sing about a delightful vineyard! 3 “I, the Lord, protect it; I water it regularly. I guard it night and day, so no one can harm it. 4 I am not angry. I wish I could confront some thorns and briers! Then I would march against them for battle; I would set them all on fire, 5 unless they became my subjects and made peace with me; let them make peace with me.”
KTU 1.5 I:1 / Psalms 74:13
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.5 I:1
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Though you struck Litan the wriggling serpent, finished off the writhing serpent, Encircler-with-seven-heads, the skies will be hot, they will shine when I tear you in pieces: I shall devour you, elbows, blood and forearms; You will indeed go down into the throat of divine Mot (death), into the maw of the Beloved of El, the hero.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalms 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
KTU 1.5 I:31 / Isaiah 5:14
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.5 I:31
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Though you struck Litan the wriggling serpent, finished off the writhing serpent, Encircler-with-seven-heads, the heavens will be hot, they will shine when I tear you in pieces, I shall devour you, thighs, blood and forearms; you will indeed go down into the throat of divine Mot (death), into the maw of the Beloved of El, the hero.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 5:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 Therefore my people will be deported because of their lack of understanding. Their leaders will have nothing to eat, their masses will have nothing to drink. 14 So Death will open up its throat, and open wide its mouth; Zion’s dignitaries and masses will descend into it, including those who revel and celebrate within her. 15 Men will be humiliated, they will be brought low; the proud will be brought low.
KTU 1.5 VI:17 / Jeremiah 16:6
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.5 VI:17
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  perished was the Prince, Lord of the earth! Then the Wise One, the perceptive god, went down from his throne: he sat on his footstool. And from his footstool he sat on the ground. He poured the ashes of affliction on his head, the dust of grovelling on his skull For clothing he put on a loin-cloth His skin with a stone he scored, his side-locks with a razor; he gashed cheeks and chin. He ploughed his collar-bones, he turned over like a garden his chest, like a valley he ploughed his breast He lifted up his voice and cried: Baal is dead! What has become of the Powerful One? The Son of Dagan! What has become of Tempest? After Baal I shall go down into the underworld. Anat also went out,
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Jeremiah 16:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 “Moreover I, the Lord, tell you: ‘Do not go into a house where they are having a funeral meal. Do not go there to mourn and express your sorrow for them. For I have stopped showing them my good favor, my love, and my compassion. I, the Lord, so affirm it! 6 Rich and poor alike will die in this land. They will not be buried or mourned. People will not cut their bodies or shave off their hair to show their grief for them. 7 No one will take any food to those who mourn for the dead to comfort them. No one will give them any wine to drink to console them for the loss of their father or mother.
KTU 1.6 I:56 / Exodus 24:10
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.6 I:56
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  The Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied: Indeed, let us make Athtar the Brilliant king Athtar the Brilliant shall rule! Then Athtar the Brilliant went up into the uttermost parts of Sapan; he sat on the throne of Valiant Baal. But his feet did not reach the footstool; Then Athtar the Brilliant said: I shall not rule in the uttermost parts of Sapan! Athtar the Brilliant came down, he came down from the throne of Valiant Baal, and ruled in the earth
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 24:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank. 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandments that I have written, so that you may teach them.”
KTU 1.14 II:34 / Deuteronomy 33:2
1. 1350–1185 BCE
  
  KTU 1.14 II:34
  
  Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
  
  Muster Ngb and let it come forth, the host of the troops of Ngb. And let come forth the assembled multitude, your troops, a mighty force: three hundred myriads; serfs uncounted, peasants untold. They march in thousands closely packed, and in myriads massed. After two, two march; after three, all of them.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
KUB IV.1 / Psalm 24:10
1. 1350 BCE
  
  KUB IV.1
  
  Ancient Near East, Hittite
  
  The gods of the Hatti land and the Hittite people call for bloody vengeance. The vengeance of the Hatti gods and the vengeance of the Hittite people will be wrought on you, the gods of the Kashkean country and the Kashkean people. Let him eat and drink! ... Let him return to the army and battle the enemy! When he has finished he goes again before the Hatti gods, and they eat up the meat and the bread. He offers libations to the Hatti gods, the Storm-God of the army and the Warrior-god. They give them to drink as much as they think fitting. The “master of the gods” receives the implements used at the feast and the sheepskins. They return to the army, and go to battle in this condition.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 24:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 8 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord who is strong and mighty.
  The Lord a mighty man in battle. 9 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 10 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
  He is the majestic king.
  (Selah)
Genesis 1:26 / Isaiah 40:18
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 1:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness, so they may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.” 27 God created humankind in his own image,
  in the image of God he created them,
  male and female he created them.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 40:18
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  16 Not even Lebanon could supply enough firewood for a sacrifice; its wild animals would not provide enough burnt offerings. 17 All the nations are insignificant before him; they are regarded as absolutely nothing. 18 To whom can you compare God? To what image can you liken him? 19 A craftsman casts an idol; a metal smith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it. 20 To make a contribution one selects wood that will not rot; he then seeks a skilled craftsman to make an idol that will not fall over.
Genesis 1:26 / Genesis 5:3
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 1:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds. God saw that it was good. 26 Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness, so they may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.” 27 God created humankind in his own image,
  in the image of God he created them,
  male and female he created them.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 5:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the record of the family line of Adam. When God created humankind, he made them in the likeness of God. 2 He created them male and female; when they were created, he blessed them and named them “humankind.” 3 When Adam had lived 130 years he fathered a son in his own likeness, according to his image, and he named him Seth. 4 The length of time Adam lived after he became the father of Seth was 800 years; during this time he had other sons and daughters.
Genesis 2:2 / Psalms 132:8
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 2:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 The heavens and the earth were completed with everything that was in them. 2 By the seventh day God finished the work that he had been doing, and he ceased on the seventh day all the work that he had been doing. 3 God blessed the seventh day and made it holy because on it he ceased all the work that he had been doing in creation.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalms 132:8
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  6 Look, we heard about it in Ephrathah;
  we found it in the territory of Jaar. 7 Let us go to his dwelling place.
  Let us worship before his footstool. 8 Ascend, O Lord, to your resting place,
  you and the ark of your strength. 9 May your priests be clothed with integrity.
  May your loyal followers shout for joy.
Genesis 5:24 / 2 Kings 2:11
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 5:24
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  21 When Enoch had lived 65 years, he became the father of Methuselah. 22 After he became the father of Methuselah, Enoch walked with God for 300 years, and he had other sons and daughters. 23 The entire lifetime of Enoch was 365 years. 24 Enoch walked with God, and then he disappeared because God took him away. 25 When Methuselah had lived 187 years, he became the father of Lamech.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Kings 2:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 When they had crossed over, Elijah said to Elisha, “What can I do for you, before I am taken away from you?” Elisha answered, “May I receive a double portion of the prophetic spirit that energizes you?” 10 Elijah replied, “That’s a difficult request! If you see me taken from you, may it be so, but if you don’t, it will not happen.” 11 As they were walking along and talking, suddenly a fiery chariot pulled by fiery horses appeared. They went between Elijah and Elisha, and Elijah went up to heaven in a windstorm. 12 While Elisha was watching, he was crying out, “My father, my father! The chariot and horsemen of Israel!” Then he could no longer see him. He grabbed his clothes and tore them in two.
Genesis 16:13 / Genesis 32:30
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 16:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 Then the angel of the Lord said to her,
  “You are now pregnant
  and are about to give birth to a son.
  You are to name him Ishmael,
  for the Lord has heard your painful groans. 12 He will be a wild donkey of a man.
  He will be hostile to everyone,
  and everyone will be hostile to him.
  He will live away from his brothers.” 13 So Hagar named the Lord who spoke to her, “You are the God who sees me,” for she said, “Here I have seen one who sees me!” 14 That is why the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. (It is located between Kadesh and Bered.) 15 So Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, whom Abram named Ishmael.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 32:30
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.” 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
Genesis 32:24 / Hosea 12:3
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 32:24
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  22 During the night Jacob quickly took his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven sons and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. 23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak. 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.”
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Hosea 12:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother; in his manly vigor he struggled with God. 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him! 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered!
Genesis 32:28 / Hosea 12:4
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 32:28
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.”
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Hosea 12:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother; in his manly vigor he struggled with God. 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him! 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you.
Genesis 32:30 / Exodus 33:11
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 32:30
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.” 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 33:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 And whenever Moses entered the tent, the pillar of cloud would descend and stand at the entrance of the tent, and the Lord would speak with Moses. 10 When all the people would see the pillar of cloud standing at the entrance of the tent, all the people, each one at the entrance of his own tent, would rise and worship. 11 The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, the way a person speaks to a friend. Then Moses would return to the camp, but his servant, Joshua son of Nun, a young man, did not leave the tent. 12 Moses said to the Lord, “See, you have been saying to me, ‘Bring this people up,’ but you have not let me know whom you will send with me. But you said, ‘I know you by name, and also you have found favor in my sight.’ 13 Now if I have found favor in your sight, show me your way, that I may know you, that I may continue to find favor in your sight. And see that this nation is your people.”
Genesis 32:30 / Numbers 14:14
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Genesis 32:30
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.” 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Numbers 14:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 I will strike them with the pestilence, and I will disinherit them—I will make you into a nation that is greater and mightier than they!” 13 Moses said to the Lord, “When the Egyptians hear it—for you brought up this people by your power from among them— 14 then they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land. They have heard that you, Lord, are among this people, that you, Lord, are seen face to face, that your cloud stands over them, and that you go before them by day in a pillar of cloud and in a pillar of fire by night. 15 If you kill this entire people at once, then the nations that have heard of your fame will say, 16 ‘Because the Lord was not able to bring this people into the land that he swore to them, he killed them in the wilderness.’
Exodus 13:21 / Isaiah 4:5
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 13:21
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  19 Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for Joseph had made the Israelites solemnly swear, “God will surely attend to you, and you will carry my bones up from this place with you.” 20 They journeyed from Sukkoth and camped in Etham, on the edge of the desert. 21 Now the Lord was going before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them in the way, and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel day or night. 22 He did not remove the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night from before the people.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 4:5
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 At that time the Lord will wash the excrement from Zion’s women, he will rinse the bloodstains from Jerusalem’s midst, as he comes to judge and to bring devastation. 5 Then the Lord will create over all Mount Zion and over its convocations a cloud and smoke by day and a bright flame of fire by night; indeed a canopy will accompany the Lord’s glorious presence. 6 By day it will be a shelter to provide shade from the heat, as well as safety and protection from the heavy downpour.
Exodus 14:19 / Numbers 20:16
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 14:19
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  17 And as for me, I am going to harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will come after them, that I may be honored because of Pharaoh and his army and his chariots and his horsemen. 18 And the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord when I have gained my honor because of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.” 19 The angel of God, who was going before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them, and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them. 20 It came between the Egyptian camp and the Israelite camp; it was a dark cloud and it lit up the night so that one camp did not come near the other the whole night. 21 Moses stretched out his hand toward the sea, and the Lord drove the sea apart by a strong east wind all that night, and he made the sea into dry land, and the water was divided.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Numbers 20:16
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  14 Moses sent messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom: “Thus says your brother Israel: ‘You know all the hardships we have experienced, 15 how our ancestors went down into Egypt, and we lived in Egypt a long time, and the Egyptians treated us and our ancestors badly. 16 So when we cried to the Lord, he heard our voice and sent a messenger, and has brought us up out of Egypt. Now we are here in Kadesh, a town on the edge of your country. 17 Please let us pass through your country. We will not pass through the fields or through the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well. We will go by the King’s Highway; we will not turn to the right or the left until we have passed through your region.’” 18 But Edom said to him, “You will not pass through me, or I will come out against you with the sword.”
Exodus 14:24 / Judges 4:15
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 14:24
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  23 The Egyptians chased them and followed them into the middle of the sea—all the horses of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen. 24 In the morning watch the Lord looked down on the Egyptian army through the pillar of fire and cloud, and he threw the Egyptian army into a panic. 25 He jammed the wheels of their chariots so that they had difficulty driving, and the Egyptians said, “Let’s flee from Israel, for the Lord fights for them against Egypt!”
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Judges 4:15
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  14 Deborah said to Barak, “Spring into action, for this is the day the Lord is handing Sisera over to you! Has the Lord not taken the lead?” So Barak went down from Mount Tabor with 10,000 men following him. 15 The Lord caused Sisera to panic, all his chariotry, and all his army with the edge of the sword. Sisera jumped out of his chariot and ran away on foot. 16 Now Barak chased the chariots and the army all the way to Harosheth Haggoyim. Sisera’s whole army died by the edge of the sword; not even one survived!
Exodus 15:3 / Psalm 24:8
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 15:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord. They said,
  “I will sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously,
  the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea. 2 The Lord is my strength and my song,
  and he has become my salvation.
  This is my God, and I will praise him,
  my father’s God, and I will exalt him. 3 The Lord is a man of war—
  the Lord is his name. 4 The chariots of Pharaoh and his army
  he has thrown into the sea,
  and his chosen officers
  were drowned in the Red Sea. 5 The depths have covered them;
  they went down to the bottom like a stone.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 24:8
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  6 Such purity characterizes the people who seek his favor,
  Jacob’s descendants, who pray to him.
  (Selah) 7 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 8 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord who is strong and mighty.
  The Lord a mighty man in battle. 9 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 10 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
  He is the majestic king.
  (Selah)
Exodus 15:3 / Isaiah 42:13
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 15:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord. They said,
  “I will sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously,
  the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea. 2 The Lord is my strength and my song,
  and he has become my salvation.
  This is my God, and I will praise him,
  my father’s God, and I will exalt him. 3 The Lord is a man of war—
  the Lord is his name. 4 The chariots of Pharaoh and his army
  he has thrown into the sea,
  and his chosen officers
  were drowned in the Red Sea.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 42:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 Let them give the Lord the honor he deserves; let them praise his deeds in the coastlands. 13 The Lord emerges like a hero, like a man of war he inspires himself for battle; he shouts, yes, he yells, he shows his enemies his power. 14 “I have been inactive for a long time; I kept quiet and held back. Like a woman in labor I groan; I pant and gasp.
Exodus 15:3 / Zechariah 14:3
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 15:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Then Moses and the Israelites sang this song to the Lord. They said,
  “I will sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously,
  the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea. 2 The Lord is my strength and my song,
  and he has become my salvation.
  This is my God, and I will praise him,
  my father’s God, and I will exalt him. 3 The Lord is a man of war—
  the Lord is his name. 4 The chariots of Pharaoh and his army
  he has thrown into the sea,
  and his chosen officers
  were drowned in the Red Sea.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 14:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 A day of the Lord is about to come when your possessions will be divided as plunder in your midst. 2 For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to wage war; the city will be taken, its houses plundered, and the women raped. Then half of the city will go into exile, but the remainder of the people will not be taken away. 3 Then the Lord will go to battle and fight against those nations, just as he fought battles in ancient days. 4 On that day his feet will stand on the Mount of Olives that lies to the east of Jerusalem, and the Mount of Olives will be split in half from east to west, leaving a great valley. Half the mountain will move northward and the other half southward.
Exodus 19:18 / Psalm 50:3
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 19:18
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  16 On the third day in the morning there was thunder and lightning and a dense cloud on the mountain, and the sound of a very loud horn; all the people who were in the camp trembled. 17 Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God, and they took their place at the foot of the mountain. 18 Now Mount Sinai was completely covered with smoke because the Lord had descended on it in fire, and its smoke went up like the smoke of a great furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently. 19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice. 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain, and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 50:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 A psalm by Asaph.
  El, God, the Lord has spoken,
  and summoned the earth
  to come from the east and west. 2 From Zion, the most beautiful of all places, God has come in splendor. 3 “May our God come and not be silent.”
  Consuming fire goes ahead of him,
  and all around him a storm rages. 4 He summons the heavens above,
  as well as the earth, so that he might judge his people. 5 He says: “Assemble my covenant people before me,
  those who ratified a covenant with me by sacrifice.”
Exodus 19:20 / Deuteronomy 4:36 / Nehemiah 9:13
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 19:20
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  19 When the sound of the horn grew louder and louder, Moses was speaking and God was answering him with a voice. 20 The Lord came down on Mount Sinai, on the top of the mountain, and the Lord summoned Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up. 21 The Lord said to Moses, “Go down and solemnly warn the people, lest they force their way through to the Lord to look, and many of them perish.
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 4:36
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  35 You have been taught that the Lord alone is God—there is no other besides him. 36 From heaven he spoke to you in order to teach you, and on earth he showed you his great fire from which you also heard his words. 37 Moreover, because he loved your ancestors, he chose their descendants who followed them and personally brought you out of Egypt with his great power
3. 400–301 BCE
  
  Nehemiah 9:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 You guided them with a pillar of cloud by day and with a pillar of fire by night to illumine for them the path they were to travel. 13 “You came down on Mount Sinai and spoke with them from heaven. You provided them with just judgments, true laws, and good statutes and commandments. 14 You made known to them your holy Sabbath; you issued commandments, statutes, and laws to them through Moses your servant.
Exodus 20:18 / Ezekiel 1:13
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 20:18
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  16 “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor. 17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that belongs to your neighbor.” 18 All the people were seeing the thundering and the lightning, and heard the sound of the horn, and saw the mountain smoking—and when the people saw it they trembled with fear and kept their distance. 19 They said to Moses, “You speak to us and we will listen, but do not let God speak with us, lest we die.” 20 Moses said to the people, “Do not fear, for God has come to test you, that the fear of him may be before you so that you do not sin.”
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Ezekiel 1:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 Their wings were spread out above them; each had two wings touching the wings of one of the other beings on either side and two wings covering their bodies. 12 Each moved straight ahead—wherever the spirit would go, they would go, without turning as they went. 13 In the middle of the living beings was something like burning coals of fire or like torches. It moved back and forth among the living beings. It was bright, and lightning was flashing out of the fire. 14 The living beings moved backward and forward as quickly as flashes of lightning. 15 Then I looked, and I saw one wheel on the ground beside each of the four beings.
Exodus 24:10 / KAR 307
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 24:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.” 9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank.
2. 700 BCE
  
  KAR 307
  
  Ancient Near East, Assyrian
  
  The upper heavens ... The god Anu ... The dwelling of the god Enlil ... The ... of the god Ea ... The upper heavens are of luludānītu-stone, they belong to Anu. He settled the 300 Igigi within it. The middle heavens are of saggilmud-stone, they belong to the Igigi. Bel sat on the high dais within it, in a lapis lazuli shrine. The lower heavens are of lapis lazuli uqnû-stone, they belong to Bel. He drew the constellations, the images of the gods within it.
Exodus 24:11 / Isaiah 25:6
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 24:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank. 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandments that I have written, so that you may teach them.” 13 So Moses set out with Joshua his attendant, and Moses went up the mountain of God.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 25:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 For you are a protector for the poor, a protector for the needy in their distress, a shelter from the rainstorm, a shade from the heat. Though the breath of tyrants is like a winter rainstorm, 5 like heat in a dry land, you humble the boasting foreigners. Just as the shadow of a cloud causes the heat to subside, so he causes the song of tyrants to cease. 6 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will hold a banquet for all the nations on this mountain. At this banquet there will be plenty of meat and aged wine—tender meat and choicest wine. 7 On this mountain he will swallow up the shroud that is over all the peoples, the woven covering that is over all the nations; 8 he will swallow up death permanently. The Sovereign Lord will wipe away the tears from every face, and remove his people’s disgrace from all the earth. Indeed, the Lord has announced it!
Exodus 24:18 / 1 Kings 19:8
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 24:18
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  15 Moses went up the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain. 16 The glory of the Lord resided on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days. On the seventh day he called to Moses from within the cloud. 17 Now the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like a devouring fire on the top of the mountain in plain view of the people. 18 Moses went into the cloud when he went up the mountain, and Moses was on the mountain 40 days and 40 nights.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  1 Kings 19:8
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 The angel of the Lord came back again, touched him, and said, “Get up and eat, for otherwise you won’t be able to make the journey.” 8 So he got up and ate and drank. That meal gave him the strength to travel 40 days and 40 nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God. 9 He went into a cave there and spent the night. Suddenly the Lord’s message came to him, “Why are you here, Elijah?”
Exodus 33:11 / Deuteronomy 34:10
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 33:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 And whenever Moses entered the tent, the pillar of cloud would descend and stand at the entrance of the tent, and the Lord would speak with Moses. 10 When all the people would see the pillar of cloud standing at the entrance of the tent, all the people, each one at the entrance of his own tent, would rise and worship. 11 The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, the way a person speaks to a friend. Then Moses would return to the camp, but his servant, Joshua son of Nun, a young man, did not leave the tent. 12 Moses said to the Lord, “See, you have been saying to me, ‘Bring this people up,’ but you have not let me know whom you will send with me. But you said, ‘I know you by name, and also you have found favor in my sight.’ 13 Now if I have found favor in your sight, show me your way, that I may know you, that I may continue to find favor in your sight. And see that this nation is your people.”
2. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 34:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 The Israelites mourned for Moses in the rift valley plains of Moab for thirty days; then the days of mourning for Moses ended. 9 Now Joshua son of Nun was full of the spirit of wisdom, for Moses had placed his hands on him; and the Israelites listened to him and did just what the Lord had commanded Moses. 10 No prophet ever again arose in Israel like Moses, who knew the Lord face to face. 11 He did all the signs and wonders the Lord had sent him to do in the land of Egypt, to Pharaoh, all his servants, and the whole land, 12 and he displayed great power and awesome might in view of all Israel.
Exodus 34:29 / Habakkuk 3:4
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Exodus 34:29
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  27 The Lord said to Moses, “Write down these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” 28 So he was there with the Lord 40 days and 40 nights; he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. 29 Now when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand—when he came down from the mountain, Moses did not know that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him. 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone, and they were afraid to approach him. 31 But Moses called to them, so Aaron and all the leaders of the community came back to him, and Moses spoke to them.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads.
Numbers 6:25 / Psalm 67:1
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Numbers 6:25
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  23 “Tell Aaron and his sons, ‘This is the way you are to bless the Israelites. Say to them: 24 “‘“The Lord bless you
  and protect you; 25 The Lord make his face to shine upon you,
  and be gracious to you; 26 The Lord lift up his countenance upon you
  and give you peace.”’” 27 “So they will put my name on the Israelites, and I will bless them.”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 67:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 For the music director, to be accompanied by stringed instruments; a psalm, a song.
  May God show us his favor and bless us.
  May he cause his face to shine with us.
  (Selah) 2 Then those living on earth will know what you are like;
  all nations will know how you deliver your people. 3 Let the nations thank you, O God.
  Let all the nations thank you.
Numbers 6:25 / Psalm 4:6
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Numbers 6:25
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  23 “Tell Aaron and his sons, ‘This is the way you are to bless the Israelites. Say to them: 24 “‘“The Lord bless you
  and protect you; 25 The Lord make his face to shine upon you,
  and be gracious to you; 26 The Lord lift up his countenance upon you
  and give you peace.”’” 27 “So they will put my name on the Israelites, and I will bless them.”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 4:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 Tremble with fear and do not sin.
  Meditate as you lie in bed,
  and repent of your ways.
  (Selah) 5 Offer the prescribed sacrifices
  and trust in the Lord. 6 Many say, “Who can show us anything good?”
  Lift up upon us the light of your face, Lord! 7 You make me happier
  than those who have abundant grain and wine. 8 I will lie down and sleep peacefully,
  for you, Lord, make me safe and secure.
Numbers 10:35 / Psalm 24:10
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Numbers 10:35
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  33 So they traveled from the mountain of the Lord three days’ journey; and the ark of the covenant of the Lord was traveling before them during the three days’ journey, to find a resting place for them. 34 And the cloud of the Lord was over them by day, when they traveled from the camp. 35 And when the ark traveled, Moses would say,
  “Rise up, O Lord! May your enemies be scattered,
  and may those who hate you flee before you!” 36 And when it came to rest he would say,
  “Return, O Lord, to the many thousands of Israel!”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 24:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 Such godly people are rewarded by the Lord,
  and vindicated by the God who delivers them. 6 Such purity characterizes the people who seek his favor,
  Jacob’s descendants, who pray to him.
  (Selah) 7 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 8 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord who is strong and mighty.
  The Lord a mighty man in battle. 9 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 10 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
  He is the majestic king.
  (Selah)
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Judges 5:4
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Judges 5:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 “When the leaders took the lead in Israel, When the people answered the call to war—Praise the Lord! 3 Hear, O kings! Pay attention, O rulers! I will sing to the Lord! I will sing to the Lord God of Israel! 4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains, the earth shook, the heavens poured down, the clouds poured down rain. 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads.
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Habakkuk 3:4
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is a prayer of Habakkuk the prophet: 2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him.
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Psalm 68:17
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 68:17
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  15 The mountain of Bashan is a towering mountain;
  the mountain of Bashan is a mountain with many peaks. 16 Why do you look with envy, O mountains with many peaks,
  at the mountain where God has decided to live?
  Indeed the Lord will live there permanently. 17 God has countless chariots;
  they number in the thousands.
  The Lord comes from Sinai in holy splendor. 18 You ascend on high;
  you have taken many captives.
  You receive tribute from men,
  including even sinful rebels.
  Indeed, the Lord God lives there. 19 The Lord deserves praise.
  Day after day he carries our burden,
  the God who delivers us.
  (Selah)
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Isaiah 60:2
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 60:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 “Arise! Shine! For your light arrives! The splendor of the Lord shines on you! 2 For, look, darkness covers the earth and deep darkness covers the nations, but the Lord shines on you; his splendor appears over you. 3 Nations come to your light, kings to your bright light. 4 Look all around you! They all gather and come to you—your sons come from far away, and your daughters are escorted by guardians.
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Daniel 7:10
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words. 4 Moses delivered to us a law,
  an inheritance for the assembly of Jacob.
2. 200–101 BCE
  
  Daniel 7:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 “While I was watching, thrones were set up, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His attire was white like snow; the hair of his head was like lamb’s wool. His throne was ablaze with fire, and its wheels were all aflame. 10 A river of fire was streaming forth and proceeding from his presence. Many thousands were ministering to him; many tens of thousands stood ready to serve him. The court convened, and the books were opened. 11 “Then I kept on watching because of the arrogant words of the horn that was speaking. I was watching until the beast was killed and its body destroyed and thrown into the flaming fire. 12 As for the rest of the beasts, their ruling authority had already been removed, though they were permitted to go on living for a time and a season.
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Psalm 80:3
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 80:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 For the music director, according to the shushan-eduth style; a psalm of Asaph.
  O Shepherd of Israel, pay attention,
  you who lead Joseph like a flock of sheep.
  You who sit enthroned above the cherubim, reveal your splendor. 2 In the sight of Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh
  reveal your power.
  Come and deliver us. 3 O God, restore us.
  Shine your face on us. Then we will be delivered. 4 O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies,
  how long will you remain angry
  at your people while they pray to you?
Deuteronomy 33:2 / Zechariah 9:14
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said:
  “The Lord came from Sinai
  and revealed himself to Israel from Seir.
  He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran,
  and came forth with ten thousand holy ones.
  With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people;
  all your holy ones are in your hand.
  And they sit at your feet,
  each receiving your words.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 9:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 I will bend Judah as my bow; I will load the bow with Ephraim, my arrow. I will stir up your sons, Zion, against your sons, Greece, and I will make you, Zion, like a warrior’s sword. 14 Then the Lord will appear above them, and his arrow will shoot forth like lightning; the Sovereign Lord will blow the trumpet and will proceed in the southern storm winds. 15 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will guard them, and they will prevail and overcome with sling stones. Then they will drink and will become noisy like drunkards, full like the sacrificial basin or like the corners of the altar.
Deuteronomy 33:26 / Isaiah 19:1
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 The bars of your gates will be made of iron and bronze,
  and may you have lifelong strength.” 26 “There is no one like God, O Jeshurun,
  who rides through the sky to help you,
  on the clouds in majesty. 27 The everlasting God is a refuge,
  and underneath you are his eternal arms;
  he has driven out enemies before you,
  and has said, ‘Destroy!’ 28 Israel lives in safety,
  the fountain of Jacob is quite secure,
  in a land of grain and new wine;
  indeed, its heavens rain down dew.
2. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 19:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt. The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage. 2 “I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms. 3 The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.
Deuteronomy 33:26 / Psalm 68:33
1. 750–400 BCE
  
  Deuteronomy 33:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 The bars of your gates will be made of iron and bronze,
  and may you have lifelong strength.” 26 “There is no one like God, O Jeshurun,
  who rides through the sky to help you,
  on the clouds in majesty. 27 The everlasting God is a refuge,
  and underneath you are his eternal arms;
  he has driven out enemies before you,
  and has said, ‘Destroy!’ 28 Israel lives in safety,
  the fountain of Jacob is quite secure,
  in a land of grain and new wine;
  indeed, its heavens rain down dew.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 68:33
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  32 O kingdoms of the earth, sing to God.
  Sing praises to the Lord,
  (Selah) 33 to the one who rides through the sky from ancient times.
  Look! He thunders loudly. 34 Acknowledge God’s power,
  his sovereignty over Israel,
  and the power he reveals in the skies. 35 You are awe inspiring, O God,
  as you emerge from your holy temple.
  It is the God of Israel who gives the people power and strength.
  God deserves praise!
Isaiah 6:1 / 2 Samuel 22:7
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 6:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 In the year of King Uzziah’s death, I saw the Lord seated on a high, elevated throne. The hem of his robe filled the temple. 2 Seraphs stood over him; each one had six wings. With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and they used the remaining two to fly. 3 They called out to one another, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Heaven’s Armies! His majestic splendor fills the entire earth!”
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 22:7
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 The waves of death engulfed me; the currents of chaos overwhelmed me. 6 The ropes of Sheol tightened around me; the snares of death trapped me. 7 In my distress I called to the Lord; I called to my God. From his heavenly temple he heard my voice; he listened to my cry for help. 8 The earth heaved and shook; the foundations of the sky trembled. They heaved because he was angry. 9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals.
Isaiah 27:1 / Psalm 74:14
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 27:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 At that time the Lord will punish with his destructive, great, and powerful sword Leviathan the fast-moving serpent, Leviathan the squirming serpent; he will kill the sea monster. 2 When that time comes, sing about a delightful vineyard! 3 “I, the Lord, protect it; I water it regularly. I guard it night and day, so no one can harm it. 4 I am not angry. I wish I could confront some thorns and briers! Then I would march against them for battle; I would set them all on fire,
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
Isaiah 37:16 / 2 Samuel 6:2
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 37:16
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  14 Hezekiah took the letter from the messengers and read it. Then Hezekiah went up to the Lord’s temple and spread it out before the Lord. 15 Hezekiah prayed before the Lord: 16 “O Lord of Heaven’s Armies, O God of Israel, who is enthroned on the cherubim! You alone are God over all the kingdoms of the earth. You made the sky and the earth. 17 Pay attention, Lord, and hear! Open your eyes, Lord, and observe! Listen to this entire message Sennacherib sent and how he taunts the living God! 18 It is true, Lord, that the kings of Assyria have destroyed all the nations and their lands.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 6:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 David again assembled all the best men in Israel, 30,000 in number. 2 David and all the men who were with him traveled to Baalah in Judah to bring up from there the ark of God which is called by the name of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, who sits enthroned between the cherubim that are on it. 3 They loaded the ark of God on a new cart and carried it from the house of Abinadab, which was on the hill. Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, were guiding the new cart. 4 They brought it with the ark of God from the house of Abinadab on the hill. Ahio was walking in front of the ark,
Isaiah 51:9 / Job 26:12
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 51:9
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 Listen to me, you who know what is right, you people who have my law in their heart. Don’t be afraid of the insults of men; don’t be discouraged because of their abuse. 8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash Rahab? Did you not wound the sea monster? 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Job 26:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 He marks out the horizon on the surface of the waters as a boundary between light and darkness. 11 The pillars of the heavens tremble and are amazed at his rebuke. 12 By his power he stills the sea; by his wisdom he cut Rahab the great sea monster to pieces. 13 By his breath the skies became fair; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent. 14 Indeed, these are but the outer fringes of his ways! How faint is the whisper we hear of him! But who can understand the thunder of his power?”
Isaiah 51:9 / Psalm 74:13
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 51:9
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash Rahab? Did you not wound the sea monster? 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over?
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
Isaiah 51:9 / Psalms 74:13
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 51:9
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash Rahab? Did you not wound the sea monster? 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalms 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
Isaiah 63:2 / Psalm 58:10
1. 740–450 BCE
  
  Isaiah 63:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 Why are your clothes red? Why do you look like someone who has stomped on grapes in a vat? 3 “I have stomped grapes in the wine press all by myself; no one from the nations joined me. I stomped on them in my anger; I trampled them down in my rage. Their juice splashed on my garments and stained all my clothes. 4 For I looked forward to the day of vengeance, and then payback time arrived. 5 I looked, but there was no one to help; I was shocked because there was no one offering support. So my right arm accomplished deliverance; my raging anger drove me on. 6 I trampled nations in my anger; I made them drunk in my rage; I splashed their blood on the ground.”
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 58:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 Before the kindling is even placed under your pots,
  he will sweep it away along with both the raw and cooked meat. 10 The godly will rejoice when they see vengeance carried out;
  they will bathe their feet in the blood of the wicked. 11 Then observers will say, “Yes indeed, the godly are rewarded.
  Yes indeed, there is a God who judges in the earth.”
Joshua 5:14 / Habakkuk 3:5
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Joshua 5:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 When Joshua was near Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing in front of him holding a drawn sword. Joshua approached him and asked him, “Are you on our side or allied with our enemies?” 14 He answered, “Truly I am the commander of the Lord’s army. Now I have arrived!” Joshua bowed down with his face to the ground and asked, “What does my master want to say to his servant?” 15 The commander of the Lord’s army answered Joshua, “Remove your sandals from your feet because the place where you stand is holy.” Joshua did so.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:5
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads.
Judges 5:4 / Habakkuk 3:3
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Judges 5:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  3 Hear, O kings! Pay attention, O rulers! I will sing to the Lord! I will sing to the Lord God of Israel! 4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains, the earth shook, the heavens poured down, the clouds poured down rain. 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads. 7 I saw the tents of Cushan overwhelmed by trouble; the tent curtains of the land of Midian were shaking.
Judges 5:4 / Psalm 68:7
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Judges 5:4
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains, the earth shook, the heavens poured down, the clouds poured down rain. 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 68:7
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 O God, when you lead your people into battle,
  when you march through the wastelands,
  (Selah) 8 the earth shakes.
  Yes, the heavens pour down rain
  before God, the God of Sinai,
  before God, the God of Israel. 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people.
  When they are tired, you sustain them, 10 for you live among them.
  You sustain the oppressed with your good blessings, O God.
2 Samuel 6:2 / 2 Kings 19:15
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 6:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 David again assembled all the best men in Israel, 30,000 in number. 2 David and all the men who were with him traveled to Baalah in Judah to bring up from there the ark of God which is called by the name of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, who sits enthroned between the cherubim that are on it. 3 They loaded the ark of God on a new cart and carried it from the house of Abinadab, which was on the hill. Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, were guiding the new cart. 4 They brought it with the ark of God from the house of Abinadab on the hill. Ahio was walking in front of the ark,
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Kings 19:15
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 Where are the king of Hamath, the king of Arpad, and the kings of Lair, Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivvah?’” 14 Hezekiah took the letter from the messengers and read it. Then Hezekiah went up to the Lord’s temple and spread it out before the Lord. 15 Hezekiah prayed before the Lord: “Lord God of Israel, who is enthroned above the cherubim! You alone are God over all the kingdoms of the earth. You made the sky and the earth. 16 Pay attention, Lord, and hear! Open your eyes, Lord, and observe! Listen to the message Sennacherib sent and how he taunts the living God! 17 It is true, Lord, that the kings of Assyria have destroyed the nations and their lands.
2 Samuel 22:11 / Habakkuk 3:10
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 22:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 The earth heaved and shook; the foundations of the sky trembled. They heaved because he was angry. 9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals. 10 He made the sky sink as he descended; a thick cloud was under his feet. 11 He mounted a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. 12 He shrouded himself in darkness, in thick rain clouds. 13 From the brightness in front of him came coals of fire. 14 The Lord thundered from the sky; the Most High shouted loudly. 15 He shot arrows and scattered them, lightning and routed them. 16 The depths of the sea were exposed; the inner regions of the world were uncovered by the Lord’s battle cry, by the powerful breath from his nose.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 Was the Lord mad at the rivers? Were you angry with the rivers? Were you enraged at the sea? Such that you would climb into your horse-drawn chariots, your victorious chariots? 9 Your bow is ready for action; you commission your arrows. Selah. You cause flash floods on the earth’s surface. 10 When the mountains see you, they shake. The torrential downpour sweeps through. The great deep shouts out; it lifts its hands high. 11 The sun and moon stand still in their courses; the flash of your arrows drives them away, the bright light of your lightning-quick spear. 12 You furiously stomp on the earth; you angrily trample down the nations. 13 You march out to deliver your people, to deliver your special servant. You strike the leader of the wicked nation, laying him open from the lower body to the neck. Selah. 14 You pierce the heads of his warriors with a spear. They storm forward to scatter us; they shout with joy as if they were plundering the poor with no opposition. 15 But you trample on the sea with your horses, on the surging, raging waters.
2 Samuel 22:11 / Psalm 18:10
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 22:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals. 10 He made the sky sink as he descended; a thick cloud was under his feet. 11 He mounted a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. 12 He shrouded himself in darkness, in thick rain clouds. 13 From the brightness in front of him came coals of fire. 14 The Lord thundered from the sky; the Most High shouted loudly.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 18:10
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  8 Smoke ascended from his nose;
  fire devoured as it came from his mouth.
  He hurled down fiery coals. 9 He made the sky sink as he descended;
  a thick cloud was under his feet. 10 He mounted a winged angel and flew;
  he glided on the wings of the wind. 11 He shrouded himself in darkness,
  in thick rain clouds. 12 From the brightness in front of him
  came hail and fiery coals. 13 The Lord thundered in the sky;
  the Most High shouted.
2 Samuel 22:11 / Ezekiel 9:3
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  2 Samuel 22:11
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  9 Smoke ascended from his nose; fire devoured as it came from his mouth; he hurled down fiery coals. 10 He made the sky sink as he descended; a thick cloud was under his feet. 11 He mounted a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. 12 He shrouded himself in darkness, in thick rain clouds. 13 From the brightness in front of him came coals of fire.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Ezekiel 9:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Then he shouted in my ears, “Approach, you who are to visit destruction on the city, each with his destructive weapon in his hand!” 2 Next I noticed six men coming from the direction of the upper gate that faces north, each with his war club in his hand. Among them was a man dressed in linen with a writing kit at his side. They came and stood beside the bronze altar. 3 Then the glory of the God of Israel went up from the cherub where it had rested to the threshold of the temple. He called to the man dressed in linen who had the writing kit at his side.
Ezekiel 1:27 / Ladder of Jacob 1:3
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Ezekiel 1:27
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  25 Then there was a voice from above the platform over their heads when they stood still. 26 Above the platform over their heads was something like a sapphire shaped like a throne. High above on the throne was a form that appeared to be a man. 27 I saw an amber glow like a fire enclosed all around from his waist up. From his waist down I saw something that looked like fire. There was a brilliant light around it, 28 like the appearance of a rainbow in the clouds after the rain. This was the appearance of the surrounding brilliant light; it looked like the glory of the Lord. When I saw it, I threw myself face down, and I heard a voice speaking.
2. 1–100 CE
  
  Ladder of Jacob 1:3
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
  
  3 And the top of the ladder was a face like a man’s, hewn out of fire. 4 Now it had twelve steps up to the top of the ladder, and upon each step up to the top were two human faces on the right and on the left — twenty-four faces seen down to their chests, on the ladder. 5 But the middle face was higher than them all, which I saw made of fire, to the shoulder and the arm, very terrifying, more than the twenty-four faces. 6 And as I looked, there were the angels of God ascending and descending on it; but the Lord was set above it, and he called me, saying, Jacob, Jacob.
Ezekiel 40:3 / Zechariah 2:1
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Ezekiel 40:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 In the twenty-fifth year of our exile, at the beginning of the year, on the tenth day of the month, in the fourteenth year after the city was struck down, on this very day, the hand of the Lord was on me, and he brought me there. 2 By divine visions he brought me to the land of Israel and placed me on a very high mountain, and on it was a structure like a city, to the south. 3 When he brought me there, I saw a man whose appearance was like bronze, with a linen cord and a measuring stick in his hand. He was standing in the gateway. 4 The man said to me, “Son of man, watch closely, listen carefully, and pay attention to everything I show you, for you have been brought here so that I can show it to you. Tell the house of Israel everything you see.”
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 2:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 I looked again, and there was a man with a measuring line in his hand. 2 I asked, “Where are you going?” He replied, “To measure Jerusalem in order to determine its width and its length.” 3 At this point the angelic messenger who spoke to me went out, and another messenger came to meet him 4 and said to him, “Hurry, speak to this young man as follows: ‘Jerusalem will no longer be enclosed by walls because of the multitude of people and animals there. 5 But I,’ the Lord says, ‘will be a wall of fire surrounding Jerusalem and the source of glory in her midst.’”
Joel 2:2 / Zephaniah 1:15
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Joel 2:2
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Blow the trumpet in Zion; sound the alarm signal on my holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land shake with fear, for the day of the Lord is about to come. Indeed, it is near! 2 It will be a day of dreadful darkness, a day of foreboding storm clouds, like blackness spread over the mountains. It is a huge and powerful army—there has never been anything like it ever before, and there will not be anything like it for many generations to come! 3 Like fire they devour everything in their path; a flame blazes behind them. The land looks like the Garden of Eden before them, but behind them there is only a desolate wilderness—for nothing escapes them! 4 They look like horses; they charge ahead like war horses.
2. 600–501 BCE
  
  Zephaniah 1:15
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 Their wealth will be stolen and their houses ruined! They will not live in the houses they have built, nor will they drink the wine from the vineyards they have planted. 14 The Lord’s great day of judgment is almost here; it is approaching very rapidly! There will be a bitter sound on the Lord’s day of judgment; at that time warriors will cry out in battle. 15 That day will be a day of God’s anger, a day of distress and hardship, a day of devastation and ruin, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and dark skies, 16 a day of trumpet blasts and battle cries. Judgment will fall on the fortified cities and the high corner towers. 17 I will bring distress on the people and they will stumble like blind men, for they have sinned against the Lord. Their blood will be poured out like dirt; their flesh will be scattered like manure.
Amos 9:5 / Psalm 46:6
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Amos 9:5
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 Even when their enemies drive them into captivity, from there I will command the sword to kill them. I will not let them out of my sight; they will experience disaster, not prosperity.” 5 The Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies will do this. He touches the earth and it dissolves; all who live on it mourn. The whole earth rises like the Nile River and then grows calm like the Nile in Egypt. 6 He builds the upper rooms of his palace in heaven and sets its foundation supports on the earth. He summons the water of the sea and pours it out on the earth’s surface. The Lord is his name. 7 “You Israelites are just like the Ethiopians in my sight,” says the Lord. “Certainly I brought Israel up from the land of Egypt, but I also brought the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 46:6
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  4 The river’s channels bring joy to the city of God,
  the special, holy dwelling place of the Most High. 5 God lives within it, it cannot be moved.
  God rescues it at the break of dawn. 6 Nations are in uproar,
  kingdoms are overthrown.
  God gives a shout,
  the earth dissolves. 7 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is on our side.
  The God of Jacob is our stronghold.
  (Selah) 8 Come, Witness the exploits of the Lord,
  who brings devastation to the earth.
Habakkuk 1:12 / Psalm 74:12
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 1:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 They mock kings and laugh at rulers. They laugh at every fortified city; they build siege ramps and capture them. 11 They sweep by like the wind and pass on. But the one who considers himself a god will be held guilty.” 12 Lord, you have been active from ancient times; my sovereign God, we will not die. Lord, you have made them your instrument of judgment. Protector, you have appointed them as your instrument of punishment. 13 You are too just to tolerate evil; you are unable to condone wrongdoing. So why do you put up with such treacherous people? Why do you say nothing when the wicked devour those more righteous than they are? 14 You made people like fish in the sea, like animals in the sea that have no ruler.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults?
  Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast.
Habakkuk 3:3 / Psalms 68:8
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads. 7 I saw the tents of Cushan overwhelmed by trouble; the tent curtains of the land of Midian were shaking.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalms 68:8
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted;
  he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity.
  But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle,
  when you march through the wastelands,
  (Selah) 8 the earth shakes.
  Yes, the heavens pour down rain
  before God, the God of Sinai,
  before God, the God of Israel. 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people.
  When they are tired, you sustain them,
Habakkuk 3:5 / Jeremiah 14:12
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Habakkuk 3:5
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads. 7 I saw the tents of Cushan overwhelmed by trouble; the tent curtains of the land of Midian were shaking.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Jeremiah 14:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 Then the Lord spoke about these people. “They truly love to go astray. They cannot keep from running away from me. So I am not pleased with them. I will now call to mind the wrongs they have done and punish them for their sins.” 11 Then the Lord said to me, “Do not pray for good to come to these people! 12 Even if they fast, I will not hear their cries for help. Even if they offer burnt offerings and grain offerings, I will not accept them. Instead, I will kill them through wars, famines, and plagues.” 13 Then I said, “Oh, Sovereign Lord, look! The prophets are telling them that you said, ‘You will not experience war or suffer famine. I will give you lasting peace and prosperity in this land.’” 14 Then the Lord said to me, “Those prophets are prophesying lies while claiming my authority! I did not send them. I did not commission them. I did not speak to them. They are prophesying to these people false visions, worthless predictions, and the delusions of their own mind.
Zephaniah 1:7 / Zechariah 2:13
1. 600–501 BCE
  
  Zephaniah 1:7
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 I will remove those who worship the stars in the sky from their rooftops, those who swear allegiance to the Lord while taking oaths in the name of their ‘king,’ 6 and those who turn their backs on the Lord and do not want the Lord’s help or guidance.” 7 Be silent before the Sovereign Lord, for the Lord’s day of judgment is almost here. The Lord has prepared a sacrificial meal; he has ritually purified his guests. 8 “On the day of the Lord’s sacrificial meal, I will punish the princes and the king’s sons, and all who wear foreign styles of clothing. 9 On that day I will punish all who leap over the threshold, who fill the house of their master with wealth taken by violence and deceit.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 2:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 “Many nations will join themselves to the Lord on the day of salvation, and they will also be my people. Indeed, I will settle in the midst of you all. Then you will know that the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has sent me to you. 12 The Lord will take possession of Judah as his portion in the holy land and he will choose Jerusalem once again. 13 Be silent in the Lord’s presence, all people everywhere, for he is being moved to action in his holy dwelling place.”
Psalm 24:7 / Psalm 95:3
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 24:7
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 8 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord who is strong and mighty.
  The Lord a mighty man in battle. 9 Look up, you gates.
  Rise up, you eternal doors.
  Then the majestic king will enter. 10 Who is this majestic king?
  The Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
  He is the majestic king.
  (Selah)
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 95:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Come, let us sing for joy to the Lord.
  Let us shout out praises to our Protector who delivers us. 2 Let us enter his presence with thanksgiving.
  Let us shout out to him in celebration. 3 For the Lord is a great God,
  a great king who is superior to all gods. 4 The depths of the earth are in his hand,
  and the mountain peaks belong to him.
Psalm 46:9 / Psalm 76:3
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 46:9
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  7 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is on our side.
  The God of Jacob is our stronghold.
  (Selah) 8 Come, Witness the exploits of the Lord,
  who brings devastation to the earth. 9 He brings an end to wars throughout the earth.
  He shatters the bow and breaks the spear;
  he burns the shields with fire. 10 He says, “Stop your striving and recognize that I am God.
  I will be exalted over the nations! I will be exalted over the earth!” 11 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is on our side!
  The God of Jacob is our stronghold!
  (Selah)
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 76:3
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 For the music director, to be accompanied by stringed instruments; a psalm of Asaph, a song.
  God has revealed himself in Judah;
  in Israel his reputation is great. 2 He lives in Salem;
  he dwells in Zion. 3 There he shattered the arrows,
  the shield, the sword, and the rest of the weapons of war.
  (Selah) 4 You shine brightly and reveal your majesty,
  as you descend from the hills where you killed your prey. 5 The bravehearted were plundered;
  they “fell asleep.”
  All the warriors were helpless.
Psalms 68:8 / Zechariah 9:14
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalms 68:8
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted;
  he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity.
  But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle,
  when you march through the wastelands,
  (Selah) 8 the earth shakes.
  Yes, the heavens pour down rain
  before God, the God of Sinai,
  before God, the God of Israel. 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people.
  When they are tired, you sustain them,
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 9:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 I will bend Judah as my bow; I will load the bow with Ephraim, my arrow. I will stir up your sons, Zion, against your sons, Greece, and I will make you, Zion, like a warrior’s sword. 14 Then the Lord will appear above them, and his arrow will shoot forth like lightning; the Sovereign Lord will blow the trumpet and will proceed in the southern storm winds. 15 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will guard them, and they will prevail and overcome with sling stones. Then they will drink and will become noisy like drunkards, full like the sacrificial basin or like the corners of the altar.
Psalm 74:13 / Job 26:12
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Job 26:12
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  10 He marks out the horizon on the surface of the waters as a boundary between light and darkness. 11 The pillars of the heavens tremble and are amazed at his rebuke. 12 By his power he stills the sea; by his wisdom he cut Rahab the great sea monster to pieces. 13 By his breath the skies became fair; his hand pierced the fleeing serpent. 14 Indeed, these are but the outer fringes of his ways! How faint is the whisper we hear of him! But who can understand the thunder of his power?”
Psalm 74:13 / Jeremiah 5:22
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 Why do you remain inactive?
  Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Jeremiah 5:22
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  21 Tell them: ‘Hear this, you foolish people who have no understanding, who have eyes but do not discern, who have ears but do not perceive: 22 “You should fear me!” says the Lord. “You should tremble in awe before me! I made the sand to be a boundary for the sea, a permanent barrier that it can never cross. Its waves may roll, but they can never prevail. They may roar, but they can never cross beyond that boundary.” 23 But these people have stubborn and rebellious hearts. They have turned aside and gone their own way.
Psalm 74:14 / Psalm 104:26
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 74:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  12 But God has been my king from ancient times,
  performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength;
  you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;
  you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream;
  you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;
  you put the moon and sun in place.
2. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 104:26
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  24 How many living things you have made, O Lord!
  You have exhibited great skill in making all of them;
  the earth is full of the living things you have made. 25 Over here is the deep, wide sea,
  which teems with innumerable swimming creatures,
  living things both small and large. 26 The ships travel there,
  and over here swims Leviathan you made to play in it. 27 All your creatures wait for you
  to provide them with food on a regular basis. 28 You give food to them and they receive it;
  you open your hand and they are filled with food.
Psalm 135:7 / Jeremiah 10:13
1. 600–201 BCE
  
  Psalm 135:7
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  5 Yes, I know the Lord is great,
  and our Lord is superior to all gods. 6 He does whatever he pleases
  in heaven and on earth,
  in the seas and all the ocean depths. 7 He causes the clouds to arise from the end of the earth,
  makes lightning bolts accompany the rain,
  and brings the wind out of his storehouses. 8 He struck down the firstborn of Egypt,
  including both men and animals. 9 He performed awesome deeds and acts of judgment
  in your midst, O Egypt,
  against Pharaoh and all his servants.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Jeremiah 10:13
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  11 You people of Israel should tell those nations this: ‘These gods did not make heaven and earth. They will disappear from the earth and from under the heavens.’ 12 The Lord is the one who by his power made the earth. He is the one who by his wisdom established the world. And by his understanding, he spread out the skies. 13 When his voice thunders, the heavenly ocean roars. He makes the clouds rise from the far-off horizons. He makes the lightning flash out in the midst of the rain. He unleashes the wind from the places where he stores it. 14 All these idolaters will prove to be stupid and ignorant. Every goldsmith will be disgraced by the idol he made. For the image he forges is merely a sham. There is no breath in any of those idols. 15 They are worthless, mere objects to be mocked. When the time comes to punish them, they will be destroyed.
Zechariah 9:14 / Job 38:1
1. 500–401 BCE
  
  Zechariah 9:14
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  13 I will bend Judah as my bow; I will load the bow with Ephraim, my arrow. I will stir up your sons, Zion, against your sons, Greece, and I will make you, Zion, like a warrior’s sword. 14 Then the Lord will appear above them, and his arrow will shoot forth like lightning; the Sovereign Lord will blow the trumpet and will proceed in the southern storm winds. 15 The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will guard them, and they will prevail and overcome with sling stones. Then they will drink and will become noisy like drunkards, full like the sacrificial basin or like the corners of the altar.
2. 500–401 BCE
  
  Job 38:1
  
  Hebrew Bible
  
  1 Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind: 2 “Who is this who darkens counsel with words without knowledge? 3 Get ready for a difficult task like a man; I will question you, and you will inform me. 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell me, if you possess understanding. 5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it?
1 Enoch 14:18 / Ladder of Jacob 2:4
1. 300 BCE – 100 CE
  
  1 Enoch 14:18
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  18 I looked and saw a lofty throne inside it. Its appearance was like crystal, and its wheels were like the shining sun, and there was the vision of cherubim. 19 From underneath the throne came streams of flaming fire, so that I could not look at it. 20 The Great Glory sat on it, and His garment shone more brightly than the sun and was whiter than any snow. 21 None of the angels could enter and look on His face because of its magnificence and glory, and no mortal could look on Him. 22 A flaming fire was all around Him, and a great fire stood before Him; no one near Him could come close. Ten thousand times ten thousand stood before Him, yet He needed no counselor. 23 The most holy ones who were near Him did not leave by night nor depart from Him.
2. 1–100 CE
  
  Ladder of Jacob 2:4
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
  
  3 And I set up the stone that was under my head for a pillar, and poured oil on the top of it, and I called that place the house of God. 4 And I prayed to God and said: Lord God of Adam, of your [creature?], and Lord God of Abraham and Isaac my father, and of all whose ways are right before you, you who sit mighty upon the Cherubim and upon the throne of the majesty, of fire and full of eyes, as I saw in my dream; who holds the Cherubim with four faces, who bears the Seraphim full of eyes, who bears the whole world under his arm, and is borne by none. 5 You have established the heaven for the glory of your name.
2 Enoch 22:1 / Ladder of Jacob 1:3
1. 1–100 CE
  
  2 Enoch 22:1
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
  
  1 On the tenth Heaven, Aravoth, I saw the appearance of the Lord’s face, like iron made to glow in fire, and brought out, emitting sparks, and it burns. Thus I saw the Lord’s face, but the Lord’s face is beyond description, marvelous and deeply awe-inspiring, and very, very terrifying. 2 And who am I to tell of the Lord’s being, which is beyond words, and of his very wonderful face? and I cannot tell the quantity of his many instructions, and various voices, the Lord’s throne very great and not made with hands, nor the quantity of those standing around him, troops of cherubim and seraphim, 3 nor their incessant singing, nor his unchanging beauty, and who will tell of the indescribable greatness of his glory? 4 And I fell face down and bowed down to the Lord,
2. 1–100 CE
  
  Ladder of Jacob 1:3
  
  Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
  
  3 And the top of the ladder was a face like a man’s, hewn out of fire. 4 Now it had twelve steps up to the top of the ladder, and upon each step up to the top were two human faces on the right and on the left — twenty-four faces seen down to their chests, on the ladder. 5 But the middle face was higher than them all, which I saw made of fire, to the shoulder and the arm, very terrifying, more than the twenty-four faces. 6 And as I looked, there were the angels of God ascending and descending on it; but the Lord was set above it, and he called me, saying, Jacob, Jacob.