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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 74:13 and Jeremiah 5:22

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 74 and Jeremiah 5 both describe God subduing the sea and sea monsters, following multiple Canaanite mythological traditions about the storm god Baal defeating chaotic sea forces.

Passages

Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible
11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Jeremiah 5:22

Hebrew Bible
21 Tell them: ‘Hear this, you foolish people who have no understanding, who have eyes but do not discern, who have ears but do not perceive: 22 “You should fear me!” says the Lord. “You should tremble in awe before me! I made the sand to be a boundary for the sea, a permanent barrier that it can never cross. Its waves may roll, but they can never prevail. They may roar, but they can never cross beyond that boundary.” 23 But these people have stubborn and rebellious hearts. They have turned aside and gone their own way.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

References

"... The threat of the cult of Baal to the organized worship of Yahweh is recorded in the Hebrew Bible rather consistently from the time Israel settled into Canaan until the exile. Direct polemic and even redactions take place throughout the text to assure the degradation of the cult of Baal. It is the insidious nature of Baal’s worship which is interpreted as the indictment leading to Yahweh’s judgment against his people resulting in their exile. In spite of the stark contrast between the two cults, the character of Yahweh rather blatantly absorbs a number of motifs associated with the older character of Baal. Yahweh, like Baal, is pictured conquering Yam and the sea beasts (Psalm 74:12-15, 89:10-11; Isaiah 27:1, 51:9-10; Jeremiah 5:22; Job 7:12; CAT 1.3.3.38-42; CAT 1.5.1.1-3, 27-30; CAT 1.6.6.51). He dwells on the mountain in language familiar with Baal’s own abode (Exodus 15:17; CAT 1.3.4.1; CAT 1.4.5.53-55). Zaphon is referenced in Psalm 48:3 which employs the same imagery of Baal defending his holy mountain appropriated for Jerusalem. Although a variation and not a direct quote, Yahweh does ride the clouds much like the common epithet of Baal (Deuteronomy 33:26; Psalm 68:5, 34; CAT 1.3 iv 4, 6; CAT 1.4.3.10-11, 17-18; CAT 1.4.5.59-60). Above Yahweh’s association with rain, thunder, and lightning was addressed ..."
Nathan H. Scherrer, “Yahweh of the Southlands” (MA diss., Denver Seminary, 2017), 78.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 74:13 and Jeremiah 5:22

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