Go to Related Reading
About this book

Psalms

About this book
Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 74:14 and Psalm 104:26

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Psalm 74 depicts Leviathan as an enemy to be crushed, its body given as food, following an ancient Near Eastern tradition of divine victory over chaos. Psalm 104 follows a different tradition where Leviathan is a divine pet made for play in the sea.

Passages

Psalm 74:14

Hebrew Bible
12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night; you put the moon and sun in place.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Psalm 104:26

Hebrew Bible
24 How many living things you have made, O Lord! You have exhibited great skill in making all of them; the earth is full of the living things you have made. 25 Over here is the deep, wide sea, which teems with innumerable swimming creatures, living things both small and large. 26 The ships travel there, and over here swims Leviathan35 you made to play in it. 27 All your creatures wait for you to provide them with food on a regular basis. 28 You give food to them and they receive it; you open your hand and they are filled with food.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... (Job 40:25-32) ... These words of YHWH to Job are intended to contrast humanity's limited capacities with God's infinite powers. They seem to allude to a lost myth in which YHWH, instead of crushing Leviathan's heads and scattering his remains, caught him like a fish and forced him to plead for his life and to accept eternal vassalage, the great monster becoming merely a plaything of his divine captor. Verse 29, in particular, recalls the mention in Psalm 104:26 of 'Leviathan that You formed to sport with.' It is possible that the psalmist has here sanitized the old myth of the Chaoskampf altogether, so that Leviathan appears ab initio as the plaything of YHWH ... The use of the slain adversary's flesh as food may owe something to the Baal-Mot cycle, because Anat sows the pulverized remains of Mot in the fields, presumably to provide soil or fertilizer for next season's crops. Here an imperfect but revealing parallel with a point in the Egyptian Osiris myth suggests itself, for the murdered god Osiris too is identified with the new grain. In all these cases the struggle that results, in various ways, in a deicide leads also to a meal in which the dead god, indirectly or directly, provides the victuals. Out of death - life. The Talmudic image of a banquet prepared from the flesh of Leviathan owes something also to the phrasing of Psalm 74:14, in which God 'left him as food for the denizens of the desert.' The booth that is to be made for the just from Leviathan's corpse recalls the creation of heaven and earth from the body of Tiamat in the Enuma Elish ..."
Jon D. Levenson, Creation and the Persistence of Evil: The Jewish Drama of Divine Omnipotence, Mythos (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 16, 34.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Tags

Your feedback

Psalm 74:14 and Psalm 104:26

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library