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Hosea

About this book
Chapter 12

1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind; he chases the east wind all day; he multiplies lies and violence. They make treaties with Assyria and send olive oil as tribute to Egypt. 2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother;⁠ in his manly vigor he struggled with God.⁠ 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him!⁠ 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you. 7 The businessmen love to cheat; they use dishonest scales.⁠ 8 Ephraim boasts, “I am very rich! I have become wealthy! In all that I have done to gain my wealth, no one can accuse me of any offense that is actually sinful.” 9 “I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt; I will make you live in tents again as in the days of old. 10 I spoke to the prophets; I myself revealed many visions; I spoke in parables through the prophets.” 11 Is there idolatry in Gilead? Certainly its inhabitants will come to nothing! Do they sacrifice bulls in Gilgal? Surely their altars will be like stones heaped up on a plowed field! 12 Jacob fled to the country of Aram, then Israel worked to acquire a wife; he tended sheep to pay for her. 13 The Lord brought Israel out of Egypt by a prophet, and due to a prophet Israel was preserved alive. 14 But Ephraim bitterly provoked him to anger; so he will hold him accountable for the blood he has shed; his Lord will repay him for the contempt he has shown.

Texts in conversation

Did Jacob Wrestle God or an Angel?

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis 32 describes Jacob wrestling with a mysterious figure who blesses him, changes his name, and says he wrestled with God. Hosea recalls this story but instead says that Jacob wrestled with an angel.

Passages

Genesis 32:28

Hebrew Bible
26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Hosea 12:4

Hebrew Bible
2 The Lord also has a covenant lawsuit against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. 3 In the womb he attacked his brother; in his manly vigor he struggled with God. 4 He struggled with an angel and prevailed; he wept and begged for his favor. He found God at Bethel, and there he spoke with him! 5 As for the Lord God Almighty, the Lord is the name by which he is remembered! 6 But you must return to your God, by maintaining love and justice and by waiting for your God to return to you.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Hosea

References

"... All night long, Jacob wrestles with a man. There is hurt and there is talk. Jacob comes away changed, believing that he has faced a divine being. Details aside, that is pretty much the bones of it. However, these bones have a long history of being fleshed and re-fleshed. For over two millennia, this ancient biblical story has accumulated numerous variations, through discussions and debates, depictions and theories. Even in its original form - or, at least how it appears in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament - this is a story on the move. Jacob’s struggle with a man (verses 24-28), whom he then identifies as God (verse 30), looks both backwards and forwards. It looks backwards to what scholars following James Frazer argue is an earlier folktale of a hero struggling with a river-spirit in order to gain some power or passage across the Jabbok. It looks forwards, most immediately, to another biblical appearance in Hosea 12:4, where the prophet asserts that Jacob “strove with the angel” ..."
Mike Meyer, “Jacob Wrestles the Man-God: An Embodied Reading of Genesis 32:24–32” (PhD diss., University of Auckland, 2021), 1–2.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 32:28 and Hosea 12:4

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