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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.2 IV:21 and Psalm 74:13

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 74 describes God dividing the sea and crushing sea monsters, imagery and language that is taken from Ugaritic literature where Baal hurls a mace to strike Yam and Nahar, gods of the sea and river.

Passages

KTU 1.2 IV:21

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
The mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the shoulders of Prince Yamm, the chest of Ruler Nahar. But Yamm was strong, he did not flinch. His joints did not tremble; his visage was not discomposed. Kothar fashioned two maces, and he pronounced their names. You, your name is 'All-Driver' All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm,
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Psalm 74:13

Hebrew Bible
10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night; you put the moon and sun in place.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... The third part of this template in the Baal Cycle turns to Baal’s conflict with the god of Death (KTU 1.5–1.6). As this particular part of the template is less well attested apart from the Baal Cycle, it has been thought to represent an elaboration of the mythology of Death modeled on the template’s first part. Baal’s engagement with Death seems to mythologize the desiccating east wind (compare Hosea 13:14), just as Baal’s conflict with Sea mythologizes the rain-bearing west wind (compare Psalm 29) and the completion of Baal’s palace mythologizes the coming of the rains. These parts of the basic template presented in the Baal Cycle all evoke the meteorological transition during the late-summer / early fall when the east wind desists, replaced by the west wind and the arrival of the early autumn rains. An elaboration of this template involves the role of Anat as warrior goddess who battles against several of the cosmic enemies, including Sea, the Dragon, and the Twisty Serpent, also called the seven-headed monster (KTU 1.3 III 38–42, SAC 120). The goddess also comes to the aid of Baal when she decimates Death (KTU 1.6 II, SAC 147–48). While the Psalms lack the extensive mythological narrative that the Baal Cycle constitutes, they contain mythological allusions to Yahweh’s divine enemies. Sea, the dragons, and Leviathan are prominent in Psalm 74:13–14 ... The three enemies here correspond to Ugaritic Sea, battled by both Baal and Anat, Anat’s enemy, the Dragon, and Baal's enemy, Litan ..."
Mark S. Smith, “Canaanite Backgrounds to the Psalms,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms, ed. William P. Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 43–56.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.2 IV:21 and Psalm 74:13

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