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Exodus

About this book
Chapter 14

1 The Lord spoke to Moses, 2 “Tell the Israelites that they must turn and camp before Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea; you are to camp by the sea before Baal Zephon opposite it. 3 Pharaoh will think regarding the Israelites, ‘They are wandering around confused in the land—the desert has closed in on them.’ 4 I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and he will chase after them. I will gain honor because of Pharaoh and because of all his army, and the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord.” So this is what they did. 5 When it was reported to the king of Egypt that the people had fled,⁠ the heart of Pharaoh and his servants was turned against the people, and the king and his servants said, “What in the world have we done? For we have released the people of Israel from serving us!” 6 Then he prepared his chariots and took his army with him. 7 He took 600 select chariots, and all the rest of the chariots of Egypt, and officers on all of them.⁠ 8 But the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he chased after the Israelites. Now the Israelites were going out defiantly. 9 The Egyptians chased after them, and all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his army overtook them camping by the sea, beside Pi Hahiroth, before Baal Zephon. 10 When Pharaoh got closer, the Israelites looked up, and there were the Egyptians marching after them, and they were terrified. The Israelites cried out to the Lord, 11 and they said to Moses, “Is it because there are no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the desert? What in the world have you done to us by bringing us out of Egypt? 12 Isn’t this what we told you in Egypt, ‘Leave us alone so that we can serve the Egyptians, because it is better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the desert!’”⁠ 13 Moses said to the people, “Do not fear! Stand firm and see the salvation of the Lord that he will provide for you today;⁠ for the Egyptians that you see today you will never, ever see again. 14 The Lord will fight for you, and you can be still.” 15 The Lord said to Moses, “Why do you cry out to me?⁠ Tell the Israelites to move on. 16 And as for you, lift up your staff and extend your hand toward the sea and divide it, so that the Israelites may go through the middle of the sea on dry ground.⁠ 17 And as for me, I am going to harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will come after them, that I may be honored because of Pharaoh and his army and his chariots and his horsemen. 18 And the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord when I have gained my honor because of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.”⁠ 19 The angel of God, who was going before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them,⁠ and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them. 20 It came between the Egyptian camp and the Israelite camp;⁠ it was a dark cloud and it lit up the night⁠ so that one camp did not come near the other the whole night.⁠ 21 Moses stretched out his hand toward the sea, and the Lord drove the sea apart by a strong east wind all that night,⁠ and he made the sea into dry land, and the water was divided.⁠ 22 So the Israelites went through the middle of the sea on dry ground, the water forming a wall for them on their right and on their left. 23 The Egyptians chased them and followed them into the middle of the sea—all the horses of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen. 24 In the morning watch the Lord looked down on the Egyptian army through the pillar of fire and cloud, and he threw the Egyptian army into a panic.⁠ 25 He jammed the wheels of their chariots so that they had difficulty driving, and the Egyptians said, “Let’s flee from Israel, for the Lord fights for them against Egypt!”⁠ 26 The Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand toward the sea, so that the waters may flow back on the Egyptians, on their chariots, and on their horsemen!” 27 So Moses extended his hand toward the sea, and the sea returned to its normal state when the sun began to rise. Now the Egyptians were fleeing before it, but the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the middle of the sea. 28 The water returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen and all the army of Pharaoh⁠ that was coming after the Israelites into the sea—not so much as one of them survived!⁠ 29 But the Israelites walked on dry ground in the middle of the sea, the water forming a wall for them on their right and on their left. 30 So the Lord saved Israel on that day from the power of the Egyptians, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead on the shore of the sea.⁠ 31 When Israel saw the great power that the Lord had exercised over the Egyptians, they feared the Lord, and they believed in the Lord and in his servant Moses.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 14:19 and Numbers 20:16

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus describes the angel of God appearing in the pillar of cloud that shielded Israel from Egypt, presenting the angel in a visible, non-human form. Numbers recalls this tradition when it says a divine messenger was sent to lead Israel out of Egypt.

Passages

Exodus 14:19

Hebrew Bible
17 And as for me, I am going to harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will come after them, that I may be honored because of Pharaoh and his army and his chariots and his horsemen. 18 And the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord when I have gained my honor because of Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.” 19 The angel of God, who was going before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind them, and the pillar of cloud moved from before them and stood behind them. 20 It came between the Egyptian camp and the Israelite camp; it was a dark cloud and it lit up the night so that one camp did not come near the other the whole night. 21 Moses stretched out his hand toward the sea, and the Lord drove the sea apart by a strong east wind all that night, and he made the sea into dry land, and the water was divided.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Numbers 20:16

Hebrew Bible
14 Moses sent messengers from Kadesh to the king of Edom: “Thus says your brother Israel: ‘You know all the hardships we have experienced, 15 how our ancestors went down into Egypt, and we lived in Egypt a long time, and the Egyptians treated us and our ancestors badly. 16 So when we cried to the Lord, he heard our voice and sent a messenger, and has brought us up out of Egypt. Now we are here in Kadesh, a town on the edge of your country. 17 Please let us pass through your country. We will not pass through the fields or through the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well. We will go by the King’s Highway; we will not turn to the right or the left until we have passed through your region.’” 18 But Edom said to him, “You will not pass through me, or I will come out against you with the sword.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

"... there are several texts in which the malak is portrayed in a specifically non-human form. Some of these certainly reflect the kind of immanent anthropomorphism discussed earlier in regard to Yahweh, such as Exodus 3:2, in which the angel appears to Moses as or in fire in the bush, and in Exodus 14:19-20, in which the angel appears as the pillar of cloud who goes before the Israelites. Exodus 23:20-23, 32:34, and 33:2, which refer again to the angel who will go or be sent before the Israelites, should be taken in a similar light, although in 23:21-22 the angel also has a voice that should be obeyed; this may be taken as similar to 3:2, in which the angel appears but Yahweh speaks. Numbers 20:16 similarly refers to Yahweh sending a malak to bring the Israelites out of Egypt, and should be read in the same manner ..."
Esther J. Hamori, When Gods Were Men: The Embodied God in Biblical and Near Eastern Literature (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2008), 104–105.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 14:19 and Numbers 20:16

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