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Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 51

1 “Listen to me, you who pursue godliness, who seek the Lord. Look at the rock from which you were chiseled, at the quarry from which you were dug. 2 Look at Abraham, your father, and Sarah, who gave you birth. When I summoned him, he was a lone individual, but I blessed him and gave him numerous descendants.⁠ 3 Certainly the Lord will console Zion; he will console all her ruins. He will make her wilderness like Eden, her arid rift valley like the garden of the Lord. Happiness and joy will be restored to her, thanksgiving and the sound of music.⁠ 4 Pay attention to me, my people. Listen to me, my people! For I will issue a decree, I will make my justice a light to the nations.⁠ 5 I am ready to vindicate, I am ready to deliver, I will establish justice among the nations. The coastlands wait patiently for me; they wait in anticipation for the revelation of my power. 6 Look up at the sky. Look at the earth below.⁠ For the sky will dissipate like smoke, and the earth will wear out like clothes;⁠ its residents will die like gnats. But the deliverance I give is permanent; the vindication I provide will not disappear. 7 Listen to me, you who know what is right, you people who have my law in their heart.22⁠ Don’t be afraid of the insults of men; don’t be discouraged because of their abuse. 8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord!⁠ Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity.⁠ Did you not smash Rahab?26 Did you not wound the sea monster?⁠ 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear. 12 “I, I am the one who consoles you. Why are you afraid of mortal men, of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass? 13 Why do you forget the Lord, who made you, who stretched out the sky and founded the earth?⁠ Why do you constantly tremble all day long at the anger of the oppressor, when he makes plans to destroy? Where is the anger of the oppressor? 14 The one who suffers will soon be released; he will not die in prison, he will not go hungry. 15 I am the Lord your God, who churns up the sea so that its waves surge. The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is his name! 16 “I commission you as my spokesman; I cover you with the palm of my hand to establish the sky and to found the earth, to say to Zion, ‘You are my people.’”⁠ 17 Wake up! Wake up! Get up, O Jerusalem! You drank from the cup the Lord passed to you, which was full of his anger. You drained dry the goblet full of intoxicating wine.⁠ 18 There was no one to lead her among all the children she bore; there was no one to take her by the hand among all the children she raised. 19 These double disasters confronted you. But who feels sorry for you? Destruction and devastation, famine and sword. But who consoles you? 20 Your children faint; they lie at the head of every street like an antelope in a snare. They are left in a stupor by the Lord’s anger, by the battle cry of your God. 21 So listen to this, oppressed one, who is drunk, but not from wine. 22 This is what your Sovereign Lord, even your God who judges his people says: “Look, I have removed from your hand the cup of intoxicating wine, the goblet full of my anger. You will no longer have to drink it.⁠ 23 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors who said to you, ‘Lie down, so we can walk over you.’⁠ You made your back like the ground and like the street for those who walked over you.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 51:9 and Psalms 74:13

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah 51 calls on God to defeat the sea as in the past, naming the mythological creatures Rahab and the Dragon. Psalm 74 describes the same primordial battle, where God shattered the heads of Leviathan in the waters.

Passages

Isaiah 51:9

Hebrew Bible
8 For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.” 9 Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash Rahab?26 Did you not wound the sea monster? 10 Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over? 11 Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Psalms 74:13

Hebrew Bible
12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... A war that God waged against a multitude of challengers—the deep, the sea, Rahab the sea monster, the rivers, Leviathan the Twisting Serpent, Leviathan the Elusive Serpent, and the sea dragons—is referred to in the psalms, the prophecies, and other writings. We find, for example, in Isaiah 51:9–10: “Awake, awake, clothe yourself with splendor. O arm of the Lord! Awake as in days of old, as in former ages! It was you that hacked Rahab into pieces, that pierced the Dragon. It was you that dried up the waters of the great deep [tehom].” The prophet pleads with God to repeat the great wonders of the past—God’s killing of Rahab and the sea dragon, God’s defeat of the sea and of the “great abyss.” We find the sea dragons also in a poet’s praise of God’s actions in Psalm 74: “It was You who drove back the sea with Your might, who smashed the heads of the dragons in the waters; it was You who crushed the heads of Leviathan, who left him as food for the denizens of the desert” (verses 13–14) ...”
Avigdor Shinan and Yair Zakovitch, From Gods to God: How the Bible Debunked, Suppressed, or Changed Ancient Myths and Legends, trans. Valerie Zakovitch (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 2012), 11–12.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 51:9 and Psalms 74:13

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