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Exodus

About this book

The Covenant Confirmed

Chapter 24

1 But to Moses the Lord said, “Come up to the Lord, you and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu,⁠ and seventy of the elders of Israel,⁠ and worship from a distance.⁠ 2 Moses alone may come near the Lord, but the others must not come near, nor may the people go up with him.” 3 Moses came and told the people all the Lord’s words and all the decisions. All the people answered together, “We are willing to do all the words that the Lord has said,” 4 and Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. Early in the morning he built an altar at the foot of the mountain and arranged twelve standing stones—according to the twelve tribes of Israel. 5 He sent young Israelite men, and they offered burnt offerings and sacrificed young bulls for peace offerings to the Lord.⁠ 6 Moses took half of the blood and put it in bowls, and half of the blood he splashed on the altar. 7 He took the Book of the Covenant and read it aloud to the people,⁠ and they said, “We are willing to do and obey all that the Lord has spoken.” 8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on the people⁠ and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.”⁠ 9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up,⁠ 10 and they saw the God of Israel.⁠ Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself.⁠ 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank.⁠ 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandments that I have written,⁠ so that you may teach them.”⁠ 13 So Moses set out with Joshua his attendant, and Moses went up the mountain of God. 14 He told the elders, “Wait for us in this place until we return to you.⁠ Here are Aaron and Hur with you. Whoever has any matters of dispute can approach them.” 15 Moses went up the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain. 16 The glory of the Lord resided on Mount Sinai,⁠ and the cloud covered it for six days. On the seventh day he called to Moses from within the cloud.⁠ 17 Now the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like a devouring fire on the top of the mountain in plain view of the people. 18 Moses went into the cloud when he went up the mountain, and Moses was on the mountain 40 days and 40 nights.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 24:10 and KAR 307

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Assyrian

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Summary

The Mesopotamian text KAR 307 describes layered heavens with floors of blue precious stones, similar to Exodus describing a sapphire floor beneath God's feet. Both reflect ancient Near Eastern cosmology with a solid dome dividing earth and heaven.

Passages

Exodus 24:10

Hebrew Bible
8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.” 9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

KAR 307

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Cuneiform Texts from Assur
The upper heavens ... The god Anu ... The dwelling of the god Enlil ... The ... of the god Ea ... The upper heavens are of luludānītu-stone, they belong to Anu. He settled the 300 Igigi within it. The middle heavens are of saggilmud-stone, they belong to the Igigi. Bel sat on the high dais within it, in a lapis lazuli shrine. The lower heavens are of lapis lazuli uqnû-stone, they belong to Bel. He drew the constellations, the images of the gods within it.
700 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KAR

References

"... it must be assumed that the floors of each level of the heavens were composed of a different type of stone, and that there was open space between each stone floor, just as there is open space between the earth's surface and the Lower Heavens. Furthermore, it may be assumed that each stone floor was visible from below and served as a roof for the region below. These assumptions find support in a parallel from Exodus 24:9-10, where the floor of heaven is apparently built of blue brick ... Hebrew 'sapphire', which is equated with Greek sapheiros and Latin sappirus, is a blue stone and has often been identified with lapis-lazuli. Thus, the blue brick floor of heaven in Exodus, when seen from below, may be identified with the blue background color of the sky on clear days and the darker blue of the clear night sky. In KAR 307, Anu and the Igigi apparently stand on luludanitu-stone and saggilmud-stone floors of the Upper and Middle Heavens, just as the God of Israel stands on a blue 'sapphire' brick heavenly floor in Exodus ..."
Wayne Horowitzh, Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1998), 9.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 24:10 and KAR 307

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