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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.3 III:37 and Psalm 74:12

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 74 uses imagery from the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, where the goddess Anat describes defeating the Sea, River, and a seven-headed serpent. In both, these chaotic figures are subdued by a divine warrior after combat.

Passages

KTU 1.3 III:37

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Watch! Anat sees the gods. Below, her feet start shaking. All around, her limbs are shivering. Up above, her face sweats. Shudders wrack the bones of every limb; the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire. I annihilated El’s daughter, Zabiba. I’ve reaped silver from my fighting; I’ve taken possession of gold of those who drove Baal from the heights of Sapan”
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Psalm 74:12

Hebrew Bible
10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth. 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster in the water. 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night; you put the moon and sun in place.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... The term “Northwest Semitic combat myth” refers to a set of genetically related myths that describe a confrontation between a warrior god and some combination of the Sea god, his serpentine allies, and Death. As the name suggests, reflexes of this myth appear primarily in Northwest Semitic languages – the language family that includes Hebrew, Ugaritic, Aramaic, and Phoenician – or in literatures that were heavily influenced by Northwest Semitic traditions, such as Revelation. Examples of the Northwest Semitic combat myth include the Ba‘al Cycle, Ps. 74:12-17, and Revelation 12. In the Ba‘al Cycle, the storm god Ba‘al battles the Sea god (ym) and then Death (mt) for kingship of the gods (KTU 1.2.4.1-31; 1.6.6.16-35). Allusions within this text also refer to a battle between Ba‘al and Lītan, a serpentine figure (KTU 1.5.1.1-2). Psalm 74:12-14, on the other hand, describes how Yhwh divided Sea and crushed the heads of the dragons, and Leviathan during the primeval era, while Revelation 12 depicts a battle between the angel Michael and a seven-headed dragon ..."
Jonathan Kaplan, How Song of Songs Became a Divine Love Song (Leiden: Brill, 2018), 334–351.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.3 III:37 and Psalm 74:12

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