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Psalms

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Psalm 68

1 For the music director, by David, a psalm, a song. God springs into action. His enemies scatter; his adversaries run from him.⁠ 2 As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away. As wax melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God. 3 But the godly are happy; they rejoice before God and are overcome with joy. 4 Sing to God! Sing praises to his name. Exalt the one who rides on the clouds. For the Lord is his name.⁠ Rejoice before him.⁠ 5 He is a father to the fatherless and an advocate for widows.⁠ God rules from his holy dwelling place. 6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted; he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity.⁠ But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle, when you march through the wastelands,⁠ (Selah)⁠ 8 the earth shakes. Yes, the heavens pour down rain before God, the God of Sinai, before God, the God of Israel.⁠ 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people. When they are tired, you sustain them, 10 for you live among them. You sustain the oppressed with your good blessings, O God. 11 The Lord speaks; many, many women spread the good news. 12 Kings leading armies run away—they run away! The lovely lady of the house divides up the loot. 13 When you lie down among the sheepfolds, the wings of the dove are covered with silver and with glittering gold. 14 When the Sovereign One scatters kings, let it snow on Zalmon. 15 The mountain of Bashan is a towering mountain; the mountain of Bashan is a mountain with many peaks. 16 Why do you look with envy, O mountains with many peaks, at the mountain where God has decided to live? Indeed the Lord will live there permanently. 17 God has countless chariots; they number in the thousands. The Lord comes from Sinai in holy splendor.⁠ 18 You ascend on high; you have taken many captives. You receive tribute from men, including even sinful rebels.⁠ Indeed, the Lord God lives there.⁠ 19 The Lord deserves praise. Day after day he carries our burden, the God who delivers us. (Selah) 20 Our God is a God who delivers; the Lord, the Sovereign Lord, can rescue from death. 21 Indeed, God strikes the heads of his enemies,⁠ the hairy foreheads of those who persist in rebellion. 22 The Lord says, “I will retrieve them from Bashan. I will bring them back from the depths of the sea, 23 so that your feet may stomp in their blood,⁠ and your dogs may eat their portion of the enemies’ corpses.” 24 They see your processions, O God—the processions of my God, my king, who marches along in holy splendor. 25 Singers walk in front; musicians follow playing their stringed instruments, in the midst of young women playing tambourines. 26 In your large assemblies praise God, the Lord, in the assemblies of Israel. 27 There is little Benjamin, their ruler, and the princes of Judah in their robes, along with the princes of Zebulun and the princes of Naphtali. 28 God has decreed that you will be powerful. O God, you who have acted on our behalf, demonstrate your power. 29 Because of your temple in Jerusalem, kings bring tribute to you. 30 Sound your battle cry against the wild beast of the reeds, and the nations that assemble like a herd of calves led by bulls. They humble themselves and offer gold and silver as tribute. God scatters the nations that like to do battle. 31 They come with red cloth from Egypt. Ethiopia voluntarily offers tribute to God. 32 O kingdoms of the earth, sing to God. Sing praises to the Lord, (Selah) 33 to the one who rides through the sky from ancient times. Look! He thunders loudly.⁠ 34 Acknowledge God’s power, his sovereignty over Israel, and the power he reveals in the skies. 35 You are awe inspiring, O God, as you emerge from your holy temple. It is the God of Israel who gives the people power and strength. God deserves praise!

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 33:26 and Psalm 68:33

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 33 and Psalm 68 describe God riding on the clouds, using imagery based on Canaanite traditions about Baal as a storm warrior. Even while rejecting Baal worship, these texts use this language to express God’s power and authority.

Passages

Deuteronomy 33:26

Hebrew Bible
25 The bars of your gates will be made of iron and bronze, and may you have lifelong strength.” 26 “There is no one like God, O Jeshurun, who rides through the sky to help you, on the clouds in majesty. 27 The everlasting God is a refuge, and underneath you are his eternal arms; he has driven out enemies before you, and has said, ‘Destroy!’ 28 Israel lives in safety, the fountain of Jacob is quite secure, in a land of grain and new wine; indeed, its heavens rain down dew.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Psalm 68:33

Hebrew Bible
32 O kingdoms of the earth, sing to God. Sing praises to the Lord, (Selah) 33 to the one who rides through the sky from ancient times. Look! He thunders loudly. 34 Acknowledge God’s power, his sovereignty over Israel, and the power he reveals in the skies. 35 You are awe inspiring, O God, as you emerge from your holy temple. It is the God of Israel who gives the people power and strength. God deserves praise!
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... The threat of the cult of Baal to the organized worship of Yahweh is recorded in the Hebrew Bible rather consistently from the time Israel settled into Canaan until the exile. Direct polemic and even redactions take place throughout the text to assure the degradation of the cult of Baal. It is the insidious nature of Baal’s worship which is interpreted as the indictment leading to Yahweh’s judgment against his people resulting in their exile. In spite of the stark contrast between the two cults, the character of Yahweh rather blatantly absorbs a number of motifs associated with the older character of Baal. Yahweh, like Baal, is pictured conquering Yam and the sea beasts (Psalm 74:12-15, 89:10-11; Isaiah 27:1, 51:9-10; Jeremiah 5:22; Job 7:12; CAT 1.3.3.38-42; CAT 1.5.1.1-3, 27-30; CAT 1.6.6.51). He dwells on the mountain in language familiar with Baal’s own abode (Exodus 15:17; CAT 1.3.4.1; CAT 1.4.5.53-55). Zaphon is referenced in Psalm 48:3 which employs the same imagery of Baal defending his holy mountain appropriated for Jerusalem. Although a variation and not a direct quote, Yahweh does ride the clouds much like the common epithet of Baal (Deuteronomy 33:26; Psalm 68:5, 34; CAT 1.3 iv 4, 6; CAT 1.4.3.10-11, 17-18; CAT 1.4.5.59-60). Above Yahweh’s association with rain, thunder, and lightning was addressed ..."
Nathan H. Scherrer, “Yahweh of the Southlands” (MA diss., Denver Seminary, 2017), 78.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 33:26 and Psalm 68:33

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