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KUB

Cuneiform Hittite Texts

When they perform the ritual at the boundary of the enemy country he consecrates one sheep to the Sungoddess of Arinna and to the Storm-god, god Inar and all the gods, to Telepinus and the gods and goddesses of Turmitta, to all ... gods and the ... gods, to all the mountains and rivers. But one sheep they consecrate to Zithariyas. They speak as follows: “See! Zithariyas is appealing to all the gods. The offerings which had long been assigned to Zithariyas’ worship, the countries which have fallen into turmoil—in all of them they would celebrate great festivals for him.” But now the Kashkeans have taken them. The Kashkeans have begun war. They boast of their power and strength. They have made light of you, O gods! See! Zithariyas is appealing to all the gods; he brings his complaints before you. So pass judgment on his case, all ye gods! Let it be of great concern to the gods! In fact they (the sanctuaries) have been taken away by these people not from Zithariyas alone, they have been taken away from all you gods, all of you; from the Sun-goddess of Arinna, from the Storm-god of Nerik, from the Storm-god and from god Inar, from Telepinus and from all the other gods. From you also have his cities been taken. See! Zithariyas is bringing his case before all of you, gods. Take your own case to heart! Pass judgment on your own case in passing judgment on the case of Zithariyas! Blot out the Kashkean country, O gods! Let every single god take thought for his place of worship and win it back! Let Zithariyas win back his place of worship! Let him again roam those countries at will! Let people again celebrate his great festivals! And he speaks as follows: “O gods of the Kashkean country! We have summoned you before this assembly. Come, eat and drink! Hear ye the accusation which we bring against you! The gods of the Hatti land have done nothing against you, the gods of the Kashkean country. They have not put you under constraint. But you, the gods of the Kashkean country, began war. You drove the gods of the Hatti land out of their realm and took over their realm for yourselves. The Kashkean people also began war. From the Hittites ye took away their cities and ye drove them out of their field and fallow and out of their vineyards. The gods of the Hatti land and the Hittite people call for bloody vengeance. The vengeance of the Hatti gods and the vengeance of the Hittite people will be wrought on you, the gods of the Kashkean country and the Kashkean people. Let him eat and drink! ... Let him return to the army and battle the enemy! When he has finished he goes again before the Hatti gods, and they eat up the meat and the bread. He offers libations to the Hatti gods, the Storm-God of the army and the Warrior-god.⁠ They give them to drink as much as they think fitting. The “master of the gods” receives the implements used at the feast and the sheepskins. They return to the army, and go to battle in this condition.

Texts in conversation

Compare KUB IV.1 and Psalm 24:10

Ancient Near East, Hittite · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Hebrew Bible uses storm god imagery from ancient Near Eastern texts like the Hittite text KUB IV. Both describe a victorious divine warrior leading the heavenly army, with the title Lord of Heaven's Army paralleling storm-god of the army.

Passages

KUB IV.1

Ancient Near East, Hittite · Cuneiform Hittite Texts
The gods of the Hatti land and the Hittite people call for bloody vengeance. The vengeance of the Hatti gods and the vengeance of the Hittite people will be wrought on you, the gods of the Kashkean country and the Kashkean people. Let him eat and drink! ... Let him return to the army and battle the enemy! When he has finished he goes again before the Hatti gods, and they eat up the meat and the bread. He offers libations to the Hatti gods, the Storm-God of the army and the Warrior-god. They give them to drink as much as they think fitting. The “master of the gods” receives the implements used at the feast and the sheepskins. They return to the army, and go to battle in this condition.
1350 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KUB

Psalm 24:10

Hebrew Bible
7 Look up, you gates. Rise up, you eternal doors. Then the majestic king will enter. 8 Who is this majestic king? The Lord who is strong and mighty. The Lord a mighty man in battle. 9 Look up, you gates. Rise up, you eternal doors. Then the majestic king will enter. 10 Who is this majestic king? The Lord of Heaven’s Armies. He is the majestic king. (Selah)
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Psalm 24 ... looks back on the victory of YHWH, which implies the notion of a divine combat. YHWH, “the king of honor”, demands from the gates of his city to be let in to take up his residency again. The gates however have to check his identity: “Who is this, the king of honor?” It is possible that a foreign and hostile god prevailed on the battlefield. This may be either a cosmic adversary of the storm-god, like the sea-god Yamm, or a patron deity of a neighboring kingdom; these deities fought against YHWH time and again, as illustrated by the famous stele of the Moabite king Mesha that connects Mesha’s victory over the Israelite kingdom with the supremacy of the Moabite patron deity Chemosh over the Israelite YHWH. From the perspective of the Yahwistic cult, such divine enemies of YHWH must have been perceived as exponents of defeat, destruction and chaos. YHWH’s messenger answers the gates by proclaiming the name of the approaching king, adding a series of martial epithets: “a strong one and a warrior,” “a battle warrior.” As a climax, he proclaims the divine name “YHWH of hosts” in which YHWH ’s martial nature seems condensed. Psalm 24:10 is in all likelihood the earliest attestation of this famous divine name. It is notable that the name “YHWH of hosts” closely corresponds to a political title of the Hittite storm-god - one of the main deities of the Hittite empire - namely “Storm-god of the army” that persisted in the neo-Hittite deity name “Tarhunza of the army”; in addition, “YHWH of hosts” also resembles the name of the divine warrior “Reshef of host” that is attested in Ugarit ..."
Reinhard Müller, “The Origins of YHWH in Light of the Earliest Psalms,” in The Origins of Yahwism, ed. Jürgen van Oorschot and Markus Witte (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2017), 207–238.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KUB IV.1 and Psalm 24:10

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