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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 68

1 For the music director, by David, a psalm, a song. God springs into action. His enemies scatter; his adversaries run from him.⁠ 2 As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away. As wax melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God. 3 But the godly are happy; they rejoice before God and are overcome with joy. 4 Sing to God! Sing praises to his name. Exalt the one who rides on the clouds. For the Lord is his name.⁠ Rejoice before him.⁠ 5 He is a father to the fatherless and an advocate for widows.⁠ God rules from his holy dwelling place. 6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted; he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity.⁠ But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle, when you march through the wastelands,⁠ (Selah)⁠ 8 the earth shakes. Yes, the heavens pour down rain before God, the God of Sinai, before God, the God of Israel.⁠ 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people. When they are tired, you sustain them, 10 for you live among them. You sustain the oppressed with your good blessings, O God. 11 The Lord speaks; many, many women spread the good news. 12 Kings leading armies run away—they run away! The lovely lady of the house divides up the loot. 13 When you lie down among the sheepfolds, the wings of the dove are covered with silver and with glittering gold. 14 When the Sovereign One scatters kings, let it snow on Zalmon. 15 The mountain of Bashan is a towering mountain; the mountain of Bashan is a mountain with many peaks. 16 Why do you look with envy, O mountains with many peaks, at the mountain where God has decided to live? Indeed the Lord will live there permanently. 17 God has countless chariots; they number in the thousands. The Lord comes from Sinai in holy splendor.⁠ 18 You ascend on high; you have taken many captives. You receive tribute from men, including even sinful rebels.⁠ Indeed, the Lord God lives there.⁠ 19 The Lord deserves praise. Day after day he carries our burden, the God who delivers us. (Selah) 20 Our God is a God who delivers; the Lord, the Sovereign Lord, can rescue from death. 21 Indeed, God strikes the heads of his enemies,⁠ the hairy foreheads of those who persist in rebellion. 22 The Lord says, “I will retrieve them from Bashan. I will bring them back from the depths of the sea, 23 so that your feet may stomp in their blood,⁠ and your dogs may eat their portion of the enemies’ corpses.” 24 They see your processions, O God—the processions of my God, my king, who marches along in holy splendor. 25 Singers walk in front; musicians follow playing their stringed instruments, in the midst of young women playing tambourines. 26 In your large assemblies praise God, the Lord, in the assemblies of Israel. 27 There is little Benjamin, their ruler, and the princes of Judah in their robes, along with the princes of Zebulun and the princes of Naphtali. 28 God has decreed that you will be powerful. O God, you who have acted on our behalf, demonstrate your power. 29 Because of your temple in Jerusalem, kings bring tribute to you. 30 Sound your battle cry against the wild beast of the reeds, and the nations that assemble like a herd of calves led by bulls. They humble themselves and offer gold and silver as tribute. God scatters the nations that like to do battle. 31 They come with red cloth from Egypt. Ethiopia voluntarily offers tribute to God. 32 O kingdoms of the earth, sing to God. Sing praises to the Lord, (Selah) 33 to the one who rides through the sky from ancient times. Look! He thunders loudly.⁠ 34 Acknowledge God’s power, his sovereignty over Israel, and the power he reveals in the skies. 35 You are awe inspiring, O God, as you emerge from your holy temple. It is the God of Israel who gives the people power and strength. God deserves praise!

Texts in conversation

Compare Habakkuk 3:3 and Psalms 68:8

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Habakkuk describes God coming from Teman and Mount Paran with the earth full of his glory. Psalm 68 similarly describes God marching through the wastelands as the earth shakes, following the same ancient Near Eastern tradition of a warrior deity.

Passages

Habakkuk 3:3

Hebrew Bible
2 Lord, I have heard the report of what you did; I am awed, Lord, by what you accomplished. In our time repeat those deeds; in our time reveal them again. But when you cause turmoil, remember to show us mercy! 3 God comes from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor has covered the skies, the earth is full of his glory. 4 His brightness will be as lightning; a two-pronged lightning bolt flashing from his hand. This is the outward display of his power. 5 Plague will go before him; pestilence will march right behind him. 6 He took his battle position and shook the earth; with a mere look he frightened the nations. The ancient mountains disintegrated; the primeval hills were flattened. His are ancient roads. 7 I saw the tents of Cushan overwhelmed by trouble; the tent curtains of the land of Midian were shaking.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Habakkuk

Psalms 68:8

Hebrew Bible
6 God settles in their own homes those who have been deserted; he frees prisoners and grants them prosperity. But sinful rebels live in the desert. 7 O God, when you lead your people into battle, when you march through the wastelands, (Selah) 8 the earth shakes. Yes, the heavens pour down rain before God, the God of Sinai, before God, the God of Israel. 9 O God, you cause abundant showers to fall on your chosen people. When they are tired, you sustain them,
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... Deuteronomy 33 may have added Sinai from other biblical texts, localizing the tradition. It shows a tradition that has been elaborated. Zechariah 9 seems to be generalizing, and its changing the motif to future tense causes it to lose much of its folkloric quality; both are signs of the theme developing. Habakkuk 3 seems to have lost members, as does Psalm 68, which has borrowed incorrectly from Judges 5. Edom in Judges 5 is unlikely to have been added, given the Hebrew Bible’s general abhorrence of Edom; by the 8th century, Edom was the archetypical villain, second only to Babylon in excoriation. We might, therefore, consider the element Edom as lost in the other variants. On the other hand, Edom is a familiar term in the Hebrew Bible; Paran, Seir, and Teman are not. Replacing rare words is a typical movement in the development of folklore. Since Paran, Seir, and Teman occur in multiple variants while Edom, Sinai, and the desert do not, the more vague references to the south are probably primary. ...”
Robert D. Miller II, Yahweh: Origin of a Desert God (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021), 57–58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Habakkuk 3:3 and Psalms 68:8

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