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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 80

1 For the music director, according to the shushan-eduth style; a psalm of Asaph. O Shepherd of Israel, pay attention, you who lead Joseph like a flock of sheep. You who sit enthroned above the cherubim, reveal your splendor. 2 In the sight of Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh reveal your power. Come and deliver us. 3 O God, restore us. Shine your face on us7.⁠ Then we will be delivered. 4 O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, how long will you remain angry at your people while they pray to you? 5 You have given them tears as food; you have made them drink tears by the measure. 6 You have made our neighbors dislike us and our enemies insult us. 7 O God of Heaven’s Armies, restore us. Smile on us. Then we will be delivered. 8 You uprooted a vine from Egypt; you drove out nations and transplanted it. 9 You cleared the ground for it; it took root and filled the land. 10 The mountains were covered by its shadow, the highest cedars by its branches. 11 Its branches reached the Mediterranean Sea, and its shoots the Euphrates River. 12 Why did you break down its walls, so that all who pass by pluck its fruit? 13 The wild boars of the forest ruin it; the insects of the field feed on it. 14 O God of Heaven’s Armies, come back. Look down from heaven and take notice.⁠ Take care of this vine,⁠ 15 the root your right hand planted, the shoot you made to grow. 16 It is burned and cut down. May those who did this die because you are displeased with them. 17 May you give support to the one you have chosen, to the one whom you raised up for yourself. 18 Then we will not turn away from you. Revive us and we will pray to you. 19 O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, restore us. Smile on us. Then we will be delivered.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 33:2 and Psalm 80:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy 33 and Psalm 80 describe divine radiance using imagery of light and shining, drawing on language used for the sun, moon, and stars. These parallels suggest a literary connection associating God's appearance with the brightness of the sun.

Passages

Deuteronomy 33:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This is the blessing Moses the man of God pronounced upon the Israelites before his death. 2 He said: “The Lord came from Sinai and revealed himself to Israel from Seir. He appeared in splendor from Mount Paran, and came forth with ten thousand holy ones. With his right hand he gave a fiery law to them. 3 Surely he loves the people; all your holy ones are in your hand8. And they sit at your feet, each receiving your words.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Psalm 80:3

Hebrew Bible
1 For the music director, according to the shushan-eduth style; a psalm of Asaph. O Shepherd of Israel, pay attention, you who lead Joseph like a flock of sheep. You who sit enthroned above the cherubim, reveal your splendor. 2 In the sight of Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh reveal your power. Come and deliver us. 3 O God, restore us. Shine your face on us7. Then we will be delivered. 4 O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, how long will you remain angry at your people while they pray to you?
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Astral deities were not an unfamiliar phenomenon for the ancient Israelites. A number of references in the Hebrew Bible indicate that Yahweh is Lord of the sun, moon and stars. The Babylonian creation epic – the Enuma Elish – describes that Marduk was the one who set the heavenly bodies in order and divided the constellations of the zodiac and months of the year among the great gods. The Babylonians recorded the positions of the sun, the moon and the planets Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn and Mars to the date of a birth. The constellations became the objects of a religious cult. The term 'mazzalot' appears only in 2 Kings 23:5 in the Hebrew Bible, referring to prohibited astral cults. The Masoretic Text furnishes scant information on specific constellations. 'Once the threat of idolatry had faded away' the zodiacal constellations were widely promoted within the Judaic culture. The zodiac was set into the background of rabbinical literature. Zodiac symbols are portrayed on the mosaic floors of several synagogues of the Roman and Byzantine periods. On the mosaic floor of the sixth century Beth Alpha synagogue – in Israel's Jezreel Valley – the Greek solar god Helios rides his four-horse chariot. Around him is the light of the moon and the night sky is sprinkled with stars. This, and other zodiacs on synagogue floors, 'illustrate an ancient Israelite tradition of retaining elements of pagan sun worship in their own worship'. The identification of Yahweh with the sun is supported in a number of biblical passages. (Passages such as Deuteronomy 33:2 'The Lord came from Sinai and dawned from Seir upon us; he shone forth from Mount Paran'; Psalm 80:3 'Restore us, O God; let your face shine, that we may be saved') The epithet "Lord of Hosts" could intimate that Yahweh was in command of all the stars, and therefore also associated with the sun ..."
Marlene Elizabeth Mondriaan, “The Rise of Yahwism: Role of Marginalised Groups” (PhD diss., University of Pretoria, 2010), 165.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 33:2 and Psalm 80:3

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