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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 48

1 A song, a psalm by the Korahites. The Lord is great and certainly worthy of praise in the city of our God, his holy hill. 2 It is lofty and pleasing to look at, a source of joy to the whole earth. Mount Zion resembles the peaks of Zaphon; it is the city of the great king.⁠ 3 God is in its fortresses; he reveals himself as its defender. 4 For look, the kings assemble; they advance together. 5 As soon as they see, they are shocked; they are terrified, they quickly retreat.⁠ 6 Look at them shake uncontrollably, like a woman writhing in childbirth. 7 With an east wind you shatter the large ships. 8 We heard about God’s mighty deeds; now we have seen them, in the city of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, in the city of our God. God makes it permanently secure. (Selah) 9 Within your temple we reflect on your loyal love, O God. 10 The praise you receive as far away as the ends of the earth is worthy of your reputation, O God. You execute justice. 11 Mount Zion rejoices; the towns of Judah are happy, because of your acts of judgment. 12 Walk around Zion. Encircle it. Count its towers. 13 Consider its defenses. Walk through its fortresses, so you can tell the next generation about it. 14 For God, our God, is our defender forever. He guides us.

Texts in conversation

How Psalm 48 Echoes Baal's Mount Zaphon

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Baal Cycle, the storm god Baal builds his palace on Mount Sapan. Psalm 48 echoes this by calling Zion “Sapan,” reusing familiar mountain imagery to describe Israel’s God as the divine king living on a mountain.

Passages

KTU 1.4 V:54

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
A fatling right in front of him. A throne is arranged, and he takes a seat At the right hand of Mightiest Baal As the gods dine and drink. Mightiest Baal declares: […] [Kothar-wa-Hasis] Hurry, the house, Kothar Quickly construct the palace. You must promptly build the house You must swiftly construct the palace On the peak of Sapan. Let the house span a thousand fields The palace, ten thousand hectares.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Psalm 48:2

Hebrew Bible
1 A song, a psalm by the Korahites. The Lord is great and certainly worthy of praise in the city of our God, his holy hill. 2 It is lofty and pleasing to look at, a source of joy to the whole earth. Mount Zion resembles the peaks of Zaphon; it is the city of the great king. 3 God is in its fortresses; he reveals himself as its defender. 4 For look, the kings assemble; they advance together.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... This is the name of Baal's holy mountain. Other deities such as Anat have their own sanctuary-mountains. High places may have represented the meeting point between the heavens, the realm of the deities, and earth, the realm of humans. (The building of temples on the highest point, the acropolis, of a place evidently drew on this idea) As with Baal and Anat, Yahweh's home on earth is located on a "holy mountain" (Exodus 15:13, 17-18). In one biblical passage (Psalm 48:2-3), the name of Baal's mountain, Sapan, is incorporated into the description of Yahweh's mountainous home. See also Isaiah 14:13 for a different usage of Sapan in biblical tradition ..."
Mark S. Smith and Simon B. Parker, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, WAW 9 (Atlanta: Scholars, 1997), 165.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.4 V:54 and Psalm 48:2

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