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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Baal Cycle

KTU 1.6 I

for Baal.
She cut skin with a stone, […] [with a razor].
She gashed cheeks and chin; […]
she plowed her upper arm like a garden,
her chest like a valley […] her back.
Baal is dead! What of the people? The Son of Dagan,
what of the multitudes? After Baal we will go down
into the earth. With her went down the Lamp
of the Gods, Shapshu. Until she was sated with weeping,
she drank tears like wine. Aloud
she cried to Shapshu, Lamp of the Gods:
Load Valiant Baal onto me, please.
Shapshu, Lamp of the Gods, listened.
She lifted Valiant Baal onto the shoulder
of Anat. When she had set him there, she brought him up
into the uttermost parts of Sapan. She wept for him
and buried him. She put him in a hole
of the gods of the earth. She slaughtered seventy
wild bulls as an offering for Valiant
Baal. She slaughtered seventy oxen
[as] an offering for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered] seventy sheep
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered] seventy deer
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered seventy] mountain goats
[as an offering for Valiant] Baal.
[She slaughtered seventy] roe deer
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[…] Anat
[…] the gods.
[Then] she set her face toward
[El] at the source of the two rivers, amid
She rolled back the tent of El
and came to the pavilion of the king, the Father of the Bright One.
At the feet of El she bowed and fell down,
she paid him homage and honoured him.
She lifted up her voice and cried: Let her rejoice now
Athirat and her sons, the goddess and the band of her kinsmen!
For dead is Valiant Baal,
for perished is the Prince, Lord of the Earth!
Aloud cried El to the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm
Listen, O Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm.
Give the first of your sons;
I shall make him king.
And the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied
Shall we not make king one who has knowledge and wit?
And the Compassionate, El of mercy, replied⁠
LLet the finest of pigments be ground,
let the people of Baal prepare unguents,
the people of the the Son of Dagan crushed herbs.
The Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied:
Indeed, let us make Athtar the Brilliant king
Athtar the Brilliant shall rule!
Then Athtar the Brilliant went up into the uttermost parts of Sapan;⁠
he sat on the throne of Valiant Baal.
But his feet did not reach the footstool;
Then Athtar the Brilliant said:
I shall not rule in the uttermost parts of Sapan!
Athtar the Brilliant came down,
he came down from the throne of Valiant Baal,
and ruled in the earth
[…] drew water in wide jars,
[…] drew water in jars.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.6 I:56 and Exodus 24:10

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Exodus 24, Moses and the elders see God in his throne room, high on a mountain. A similar image is found in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, where Athtar attempts to ascend Mount Sapan and sit on Baal’s divine throne but fails.

Passages

KTU 1.6 I:56

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
The Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied: Indeed, let us make Athtar the Brilliant king Athtar the Brilliant shall rule! Then Athtar the Brilliant went up into the uttermost parts of Sapan; he sat on the throne of Valiant Baal. But his feet did not reach the footstool; Then Athtar the Brilliant said: I shall not rule in the uttermost parts of Sapan! Athtar the Brilliant came down, he came down from the throne of Valiant Baal, and ruled in the earth
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Exodus 24:10

Hebrew Bible
9 Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and the seventy elders of Israel went up, 10 and they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there was something like a pavement made of blue sapphire, clear like the sky itself. 11 But he did not lay a hand on the leaders of the Israelites, so they saw God, and they ate and they drank. 12 The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to me on the mountain and remain there, and I will give you the stone tablets with the law and the commandments that I have written, so that you may teach them.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

References

"... The superhuman size is a critical feature of the second divine body, as seen for God in Exodus 24 and 33-34 and the massive throne of Baal in the Ugaritic Baal Cycle (KTU I.6 I 56-65). The superhuman size of Baal is also represented in the so-called Louvre Baal stele, a depiction of the god standing with weapons in either hand, along with a much smaller human figure. The god is depicted more than three times the height of the human figure, which has been interpreted as the king. A temple excavated at Ain Dara in northern Syria likewise exhibits this idea of the supersized deity, with footprints of over three feet (one meter) carved into the temple flooring. With the distance between the supersized footprints being about thirty feet (nine meters), the deity was imagined as being about sixty-five feet (close to twenty meters) tall ..."
Mark S. Smith, Where the Gods Are: Spatial Dimensions of Anthropomorphism in the Biblical World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 26.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.6 I:56 and Exodus 24:10

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