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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

King Josiah at the Center of Israel's History

Explore how Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings use distinct Deuteronomic language and literary structure that converges on Josiah's reform, suggesting...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

Revelation and Its Literary Siblings

Explore how the book of Revelation shares its visions, angels, beasts, and cosmic judgment with an entire family of Jewish apocalyptic texts written i...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Texts

Rabbinic

Torah Shebikhtav, Lech Lecha, Torah Ohr 2 / Deuteronomy 32:8

Highlighted Texts

Targum

Onkelos Exodus 34:7 / Exodus 34:7 Jonathan Isaiah 9:6 / Isaiah 9:6 Jonathan Isaiah 28:25 / Isaiah 28:25 Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 / Isaiah 43:12 Jonathan Isaiah 32:6 / Isaiah 32:6 Jonathan Isaiah 4:2 / Isaiah 4:2 Jonathan Isaiah 26:10 / 2 Peter 3:9 Jonathan Isaiah 32:6 / Matthew 5:6 Jonathan Isaiah 24:1 / Isaiah 24:1 Targum Psalm 68:19 / Ephesians 4:8 Targum Psalm 82:1 / Psalm 82:1 Targum Psalm 49 / Psalm 49

Rabbinic

Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 20.15 / Matthew 15:31 Mishnah Yoma 7 / Luke 4:16 Mishnah Taanit 4:8 / 2 Corinthians 11:2 Mishnah Taanit 4:8 / Revelation 19:7 Mishnah Ketubot 5:6 / 1 Corinthians 7:9 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Romans 8:11 Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 / Matthew 10:37 Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 / Mark 3:34 Pirkei Avot 1:15 / James 1:19 Pirkei Avot 4:5 / 2 Thessalonians 3:8 Pirkei Avot 4:9 / Matthew 5:17 Pirkei Avot 2:14 / 1 Peter 3:15 Pirkei Avot 1:12 / Hebrews 12:14 Pirkei Avot 1:15 / Sirach 5:11 Pirkei Avot 6:7 / James 1:22 Pirkei Avot 6:1 / John 7:38 Pirkei Avot 6:1 / Galatians 5:22 Pirkei Avot 4:10 / Matthew 5:3 Pirkei Avot 6:2 / Matthew 7:6 Pirkei Avot 6:2 / James 1:25 Pirkei Avot 1:1 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 12:2 Pirkei Avot 3:2 / Matthew 18:19 Pirkei Avot 2:2 / Acts 18:3 Pirkei Avot 3:5 / Matthew 11:28 Pirkei Avot 1:12 / Matthew 5:9 Pirkei Avot 4:5 / Acts 20:34 Pirkei Avot 3:2 / 2 Maccabees 14:35 Avot D'Rabbi Natan 2 / Mark 2:16 Avot D'Rabbi Natan (A) 4 / Matthew 9:13 Avot D'Rabbi Natan 24 / Matthew 7:24 Avot D'Rabbi Natan 23 / Luke 6:27 Tosefta Sotah 13:1 / 2 Maccabees 2:5 Sifre Deuteronomy 48:6 / Luke 5:39 Sifre Deuteronomy 41 / Romans 13:10 Sifre Deuteronomy 49 / Matthew 11:12 Sifre Deuteronomy 56 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 11:30 Sifre Deuteronomy 345 / 4 Ezra 9:31 Jerusalem Chagigah 2.2.6 / Luke 16:19 Berakhot 5a / Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 Shabbat 31a / Matthew 7:12 Shabbat 31a / Tobit 4:15 Shabbat 30a / Romans 7:1 Shabbat 88b / Psalm 68:18 Shabbat 31a / Sirach 31:15 Shabbat 116b / Matthew 5:17 Shabbat 31a / Didache 1:2 Shabbat 127a / Matthew 25:35 Yoma 72b / Matthew 23:15 Yoma 72b / Romans 7:8 Megillah 9a / Letter of Aristeas Chagigah 14b / 2 Corinthians 12:2 Nedarim 55a / Matthew 23:12 Bava Metzia 59b / Deuteronomy 30:12 Bava Metzia 85b / Matthew 23:12 Bava Batra 4a / Matthew 5:14 Sanhedrin 110a / Numbers 16:33 Avodah Zarah 3b / Matthew 13:47 Genesis Rabbah 20:5 / 4Q504 Genesis Rabbah 20:5 / Memar Marqah 5.4 Genesis Rabbah 1:1 / 2 Enoch 30:10 Genesis Rabbah 20:12 / 1QS 4:5 Genesis Rabbah 24:7 / Romans 13:9 Genesis Rabbah 1 / Galatians 3:24 Genesis Rabbah 10 / Matthew 5:18 Genesis Rabbah 1 / John 1:1 Genesis Rabbah 1 / Neofiti Genesis 1:1 Tanchuma Noach 10 / Matthew 22:21 Song of Songs Rabbah 1:9 / Luke 15:8 Exodus Rabbah 5 / Romans 7:10 Exodus Rabbah 6:1 / Matthew 5:18 Exodus Rabbah 5 / Acts 2:4

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Genesis 1:1 / Neofiti Genesis 1:1 Nehemiah 8:8 / 1 Timothy 4:13 Genesis 2:11 / Sirach 24:25 Exodus 20:18 / 1 Enoch 89:31 Proverbs 17:18 / Sirach 29:14 Deuteronomy 27:8 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 27:8 Exodus 13:1 / Sirach 24:1 Exodus 24:10 / LXX Exodus 24:10 Deuteronomy 28:64 / Tobit 3:2 Genesis 5:24 / Psalm 73:24 Deuteronomy 30:12 / Bava Metzia 59b Deuteronomy 7:3 / Nehemiah 10:30 Exodus 23:11 / Nehemiah 10:31 Leviticus 23:42 / Nehemiah 8:15 Deuteronomy 23:25 / Matthew 12:1 Numbers 2:32 / 2 Samuel 24:8 Exodus 32:20 / Numbers 5:17 Proverbs 8:22 / Wisdom of Solomon 9:9 Proverbs 6:23 / John 8:12 Deuteronomy 18:4 / Tobit 1:7 Deuteronomy 14:28 / Tobit 1:8 Genesis 11:8 / Exodus 5:12 Genesis 11:3 / Exodus 5:7 Leviticus 18:5 / Luke 10:28 Deuteronomy 5:32 / Joshua 1:7 Amos 2:6 / Ezekiel 16:48 Exodus 33:7 / Numbers 2:17 Ecclesiastes 11:9 / Sirach 5:2 Proverbs 11:1 / Amos 8:5 Genesis 4:8 / 1 John 3:12 Genesis 9:5 / Exodus 21:28 Ezekiel 4:14 / Acts 10:14 Proverbs 6:23 / Matthew 5:14 Deuteronomy 6:8 / Proverbs 7:3 Exodus 20:11 / Deuteronomy 5:15 1 Samuel 16:1 / Ruth 4:17 Deuteronomy 6:7 / Psalm 1:1 Leviticus 19:18 / James 2:8 Deuteronomy 33:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:6 Exodus 25:8 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Jeremiah 17:8 / Pirkei Avot 3:17 Exodus 15:22 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22 Proverbs 3:34 / Matthew 11:25 Exodus 12:12 / Jeremiah 46:25 Deuteronomy 15:21 / Malachi 1:8 Isaiah 13:13 / Haggai 2:6 Deuteronomy 24:17 / Amos 2:8 Exodus 4:23 / Hosea 11:1 Jeremiah 31:33 / Ezekiel 36:27 Leviticus 15:19 / 2 Samuel 11:4 Daniel 10:6 / Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11 Numbers 21:9 / 2 Kings 18:4 Leviticus 23:34 / 1 Kings 8:2 Deuteronomy 4:9 / Sirach 8:9 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Sirach 15:17 Genesis 33:19 / Joshua 24:32 Proverbs 17:18 / Sirach 29:20 Haggai 2:11 / Malachi 2:7 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Malachi 2:7 Psalm 82:1 / Targum Psalm 82:1 Leviticus 23:41 / 1 Enoch 99:2 Psalm 119:89 / 1 Enoch 99:2 Deuteronomy 7:3 / Ezra 10:2 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 33:2 Leviticus 9:4 / Samaritan Leviticus 9:4 Deuteronomy 20:5 / 1 Maccabees 3:56 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Baruch 3:9 Deuteronomy 33:3 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:1 Amos 5:21 / Sirach 34:22 Jeremiah 29:8 / Sirach 34:1 Deuteronomy 23:2 / Zechariah 9:6 Psalm 119:105 / Proverbs 6:23 Deuteronomy 29:20 / Jeremiah 11:7 Genesis 1:3 / Psalm 33:9 Isaiah 6:9 / Jeremiah 5:21 Isaiah 51:7 / Job 22:22 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 26:7 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 20:2 Joshua 10:13 / 2 Samuel 1:18 1 Kings 2:3 / Psalm 119:1 Jeremiah 19:8 / Zephaniah 2:15 1 Kings 6:3 / Zechariah 5:2 Psalm 27:9 / Psalm 119:19 Psalm 63:8 / Psalm 119:31 Psalm 31:6 / Psalm 119:42 Psalm 31:24 / Psalm 119:43 Psalm 16:8 / Psalm 119:30 Deuteronomy 1:1 / Deuteronomy 3:20 Deuteronomy 9:21 / 2 Kings 23:15 1 Kings 2:26 / 2 Kings 22:4 / Jeremiah 1:1 Numbers 21:9 / 2 Kings 18:4 / 2 Kings 24:8 / Jeremiah 8:17 Leviticus 7:37 / Jeremiah 7:22 Exodus 32:2 / 4 Ezra 14:2 Isaiah 8:16 / Jubilees 1:4 Leviticus 23:34 / Jubilees 16:21 Leviticus 19:23 / Jubilees 7:1 Leviticus 16:27 / Jubilees 34:18 Genesis 4:11 / Deuteronomy 27:24 Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 / Berakhot 5a Genesis 1:3 / Jubilees 2:2 Genesis 2:18 / Jubilees 3:1 Genesis 2:25 / Exodus 20:26 Deuteronomy 17:19 / 2 Kings 23:2 Leviticus 24:20 / Jubilees 4:31 Genesis 44:5 / Jubilees 43:10 Numbers 22:5 / Joshua 13:22 Ezekiel 44:30 / LXX Ezekiel 44:30 Exodus 19:17 / Onkelos Exodus 19:17 Exodus 24:11 / Onkelos Exodus 24:11 Exodus 27:14 / Onkelos Exodus 27:14 Exodus 31:18 / Onkelos Exodus 31:18 Leviticus 7:26 / Onkelos Leviticus 7:26 Exodus 33:7 / Onkelos Exodus 33:7 Exodus 34:27 / Onkelos Exodus 34:27 Exodus 34:7 / Onkelos Exodus 34:7 Exodus 7:5 / Ezekiel 29:6 Isaiah 6:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:13 Isaiah 9:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 9:6 Genesis 1:27 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:27 Genesis 3:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:15 1 Kings 10:4 / Testament of Solomon 116 Joshua 1:7 / Malachi 4:4 Genesis 6:3 / Deuteronomy 34:7 Genesis 13:15 / Deuteronomy 34:4 Deuteronomy 34:11 / Jeremiah 32:21 Deuteronomy 34:6 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 34:5 Psalm 41:13 / Psalm 72:18 / Psalm 89:52 / Psalm 106:48 Joshua 1:8 / Psalm 1:2 Psalm 1:3 / Jeremiah 17:8 1 Samuel 3:13 / LXX 1 Samuel 3:13 Leviticus 11:13 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:13 Leviticus 23:5 / LXX Leviticus 23:5 Leviticus 19:18 / Mark 12:31 / Pirkei Avot 2:10 Leviticus 19:18 / Letter of Aristeas / Matthew 5:43 Leviticus 19:18 / Letter of Aristeas / 1 Corinthians 13:2 Genesis 28:18 / Leviticus 26:1 Genesis 21:33 / Deuteronomy 16:21 Genesis 20:12 / Leviticus 18:9 Genesis 29:28 / Leviticus 18:18 Leviticus 13:3 / Onkelos Leviticus 13:3 Leviticus 16:12 / Onkelos Leviticus 16:12 Leviticus 17:10 / Onkelos Leviticus 17:10 Leviticus 19:18 / Onkelos Leviticus 19:18 Leviticus 19:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 19:4 Leviticus 26:25 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:25 Leviticus 26:46 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:46 Leviticus 27:2 / Onkelos Leviticus 27:2 Zechariah 2:8 / LXX Zechariah 2:8 1 Samuel 3:13 / LXX 1 Samuel 3:13 / Jonathan 1 Samuel 3:13 1 Chronicles 16:40 / LXX 1 Chronicles 16:40 Genesis 12:3 / Romans 11:15 / Yevamot 63a Proverbs 25:10 / LXX Proverbs 25:10 Numbers 21:18 / 4Q266 / Philo Allegorical Interpretation Psalm 16:7 / Genesis Rabbah 61:1 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Psalm 146:9 Leviticus 24:20 / Matthew 5:38 Lamentations 2:19 / Psalm 119:48 Numbers 11:15 / Onkelos Numbers 11:15 Ezra 10:3 / Matthew 5:32 Ruth 1:4 / Ezra 10:3 2 Samuel 3:3 / Ezra 10:3 Genesis 22:19 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 31:10 Psalm 68:18 / Shabbat 88b Deuteronomy 6:8 / Berakhot 6a Job 1:5 / Matthew 5:28 Proverbs 16:32 / Pirkei Avot 4:1 Genesis 9:6 / Pirkei Avot 3:14 Proverbs 4:2 / Pirkei Avot 3:14 Exodus 34:1 / Shabbat 87a Exodus 36:35 / 2 Chronicles 3:14 Numbers 29:35 / Nehemiah 8:18 Proverbs 29:23 / Matthew 23:12 Isaiah 42:4 / LXX Isaiah 42:4 Exodus 4:10 / LXX Exodus 4:10 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Jubilees 31:15 2 Chronicles 35:3 / LXX 2 Chronicles 35:3 Genesis 13:2 / Exodus 12:35 Exodus 20:17 / Samaritan Exodus 20:17

Ancient Near East

Code of Hammurabi / Leviticus 24:19 Code of Hammurabi / Leviticus 26:15 Code of Hammurabi / Leviticus 26:3

Septuagint

LXX Deuteronomy 33:4 / Sirach 24:23 LXX Deuteronomy 18:4 / Didache 13:3 LXX Isaiah 42:1 / Matthew 12:17 LXX Isaiah 28:16 / Sirach 24:22 LXX Deuteronomy 16:7 / LXX 2 Chronicles 35:13

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q398 / Romans 4:9 1QS 5 / Galatians 6:10 4Q266 / 1 Corinthians 10:4 4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Parah 3:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:6

Deuterocanon

2 Maccabees 14:35 / Matthew 18:20 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Pirkei Avot 3:2 Baruch 3:37 / John 1:14 Judith 4:15 / Galatians 6:10 1 Maccabees 2:46 / Galatians 5:12 Sirach 24:11 / 1 Enoch 42:1 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Sirach 14:1 / Acts 23:8 Wisdom of Solomon 4:12 / Galatians 3:1 Wisdom of Solomon 18:4 / John 8:12 Baruch 3:35 / Hilary of Poitiers On the Trinity 4.42 Sirach 34:31 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9 Sirach 28:12 / Leviticus Rabbah 33 Baruch 4:37 / Luke 13:29 Wisdom of Solomon 11:16 / Testament of Gad 5:10 1 Maccabees 2:29 / Matthew 6:33 Sirach 41:8 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:13 Sirach 9:10 / Matthew 9:17 Sirach 24:33 / 1 Enoch 82:2

Pseudepigrapha

Jubilees 22:16 / Galatians 2:12 Jubilees 1:29 / Galatians 3:19 Jubilees 1:29 / Acts 7:53 Jubilees 50:12 / 1 Maccabees 2:39 Psalms of Solomon 17:24 / Revelation 19:14 Psalms of Solomon 4:3 / John 8:7 1 Enoch 108:9 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:5 Testament of Naphtali 3:1 / Ephesians 5:6 Jubilees 50:4 / Daniel 9:24 Jubilees 6:36 / Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:4 Jubilees 30:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 18:21 1 Enoch 82:3 / 2 Enoch 48:5

Targum

Neofiti Genesis 1:1 / Genesis Rabbah 1 Neofiti Genesis 25:23 / Avodah Zarah 2b

New Testament

Matthew 18:19 / Pirkei Avot 3:2 Romans 7:5 / Ruth Rabbah 3 Acts 2:4 / Exodus Rabbah 5 John 1:1 / Genesis Rabbah 1 Luke 4:16 / Mishnah Yoma 7 Luke 4:16 / Tosefta Sukkah 2 Matthew 25:41 / Nedarim 40a Matthew 25:35 / Shabbat 127a Romans 2:13 / Shabbat 88a Luke 15:8 / Song of Songs Rabbah 1:9 2 Thessalonians 3:8 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Matthew 19:24 / Berakhot 55b Luke 16:19 / Jerusalem Chagigah 2.2.6 Matthew 23:2 / Pesikta D'Rav Kahanna 1:7 John 7:52 / Jerusalem Pesachim 5.3 John 7:52 / Sukkah 28a Romans 13:9 / Genesis Rabbah 24:7 Romans 13:10 / Sifre Deuteronomy 41 Matthew 5:10 / Bava Kamma 93a Matthew 5:17 / Shabbat 116b Matthew 9:13 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan (A) 4 Romans 1:23 / 4 Ezra 7:21 Matthew 6:34 / Sanhedrin 100b Matthew 7:24 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 24 Matthew 20:1 / Genesis Rabbah 9:9 Matthew 6:25 / Sotah 48b Romans 2:15 / 2 Baruch 48:40 Matthew 5:21 / Bava Metzia 58b Acts 20:34 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Matthew 5:17 / Pirkei Avot 4:9 Matthew 9:37 / Pirkei Avot 2:15 Galatians 3:1 / Pirkei Avot 2:11 James 1:25 / Pirkei Avot 6:2 Romans 7:10 / Exodus Rabbah 5 Romans 7:7 / Jerusalem Yoma 6.4 Romans 7:8 / Yoma 72b Romans 13:7 / Nedarim 28a Romans 13:1 / Bava Batra 54b Matthew 7:1 / Pirkei Avot 2:4 James 1:22 / Shabbat 88a Romans 8:11 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Matthew 5:3 / Pirkei Avot 4:10 Revelation 22:5 / Pesachim 50a James 5:20 / Pirkei Avot 5:18 Matthew 5:22 / Neofiti Genesis 9:6 Romans 2:15 / 2 Baruch 57:2 Galatians 5:22 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Matthew 5:22 / Bava Metzia 59a James 1:22 / Pirkei Avot 6:7 John 7:38 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Matthew 5:30 / Bava Metzia 59a Matthew 19:24 / Song of Songs Rabbah 5:2 Matthew 22:40 / Pirkei Avot 2:9 Luke 6:27 / Berakhot 10a Luke 6:27 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 23 John 8:34 / Sukkah 52b Matthew 7:2 / Testament of Zebulun 5:3 Matthew 23:3 / Sifre Deuteronomy 154:4 Matthew 23:3 / Leviticus Rabbah 35:7 Matthew 15:13 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1 John 12:28 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 34:5 John 1:5 / 2 Baruch 59:2 John 1:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:3 Mark 7:18 / Shabbat 13b Mark 7:18 / Tosefta Mikvaot 7:3 Acts 15:29 / Romans 14:20 Acts 15:29 / 1 Corinthians 8:8 Jude 1:11 / Pesachim 119a

Classical

Philo On the Unchangeableness of God 1:91 / Matthew 13:44 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 12:2 / Pirkei Avot 1:1 Plato Timaeus 31 / LXX Genesis 1:6 Philo Allegorical Interpretation / 1 Corinthians 10:4 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 4.25 / Exodus Rabbah 33:3 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 4.25 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer

Samaritan

Samaritan Deuteronomy 11:30 / Sifre Deuteronomy 56

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Psalm 49 / Targum Psalm 49 Nehemiah 8:8 / 1 Timothy 4:13 Psalm 6:8 / Matthew 7:23 Deuteronomy 19:15 / 2 Corinthians 13:1 Leviticus 12:3 / John 7:22 Deuteronomy 30:12 / Romans 10:6 Exodus 12:40 / Galatians 3:17 Leviticus 19:15 / James 2:1 Leviticus 19:18 / James 2:8 Psalm 1:3 / Matthew 7:18 Proverbs 3:18 / Psalms of Solomon 14:3 Deuteronomy 6:7 / Proverbs 3:23 Deuteronomy 6:7 / Psalm 1:1 Psalm 1:3 / Jeremiah 17:8 Micah 4:2 / Zechariah 8:21 Isaiah 2:2 / Micah 4:1 Leviticus 26:6 / Ezekiel 34:25 Jeremiah 31:33 / Ezekiel 36:27 Deuteronomy 24:16 / Jeremiah 31:30 Isaiah 2:2 / Jeremiah 51:44 Genesis 9:22 / Leviticus 18:7 Joshua 1:6 / 1 Kings 2:2 Deuteronomy 5:20 / 1 Kings 21:10 Deuteronomy 32:43 / Romans 15:10 Deuteronomy 6:20 / Judges 6:13 2 Samuel 24:24 / 1 Chronicles 21:25 Deuteronomy 10:12 / Joshua 22:5 Numbers 35:2 / Joshua 21:3 Exodus 3:5 / Joshua 5:15 Deuteronomy 21:23 / Joshua 8:29 Deuteronomy 21:23 / Joshua 10:26 Numbers 13:28 / Joshua 11:21 Exodus 34:12 / Joshua 23:13 Genesis 33:19 / Joshua 24:32 Exodus 13:14 / Joshua 4:6 Deuteronomy 29:11 / Joshua 9:21 Genesis 49:26 / Deuteronomy 33:16 Numbers 30:2 / Matthew 5:33 Genesis 9:4 / Leviticus 17:10 Leviticus 23:42 / Nehemiah 8:15 Deuteronomy 29:20 / Jeremiah 11:7 Deuteronomy 32:13 / Job 29:6 Psalm 119:69 / Job 13:4 Proverbs 1:7 / Psalm 111:10 Leviticus 18:5 / Nehemiah 9:29 Numbers 22:31 / 1 Chronicles 21:16 Leviticus 18:5 / Ezekiel 20:25 Leviticus 25:18 / Ezekiel 28:26 Genesis 32:30 / Exodus 33:11 Psalm 27:9 / Psalm 119:19 Psalm 63:8 / Psalm 119:31 Psalm 31:6 / Psalm 119:42 Psalm 31:24 / Psalm 119:43 1 Kings 2:3 / Psalm 119:1 Psalm 94:12 / Galatians 3:24 Isaiah 51:7 / Job 22:22 Psalm 119:105 / Proverbs 6:23 Psalm 111:10 / Ecclesiastes 12:13 Exodus 20:12 / Proverbs 6:20 Genesis 2:11 / Sirach 24:25 Deuteronomy 4:9 / Sirach 8:9 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Sirach 15:17 Jeremiah 29:8 / Sirach 34:1 Deuteronomy 8:2 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:5 Deuteronomy 8:3 / Wisdom of Solomon 16:26 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Baruch 3:9 Jeremiah 2:13 / Baruch 3:12 Lamentations 1:1 / Baruch 4:12 Deuteronomy 18:4 / Tobit 1:7 Deuteronomy 14:28 / Tobit 1:8 Isaiah 2:2 / Tobit 13:11 Exodus 34:13 / 1 Maccabees 2:24 Isaiah 56:1 / 1 Maccabees 2:29 Deuteronomy 33:1 / 1 Enoch 1:1 Leviticus 23:41 / 1 Enoch 99:2 Exodus 20:18 / 1 Enoch 89:31 Numbers 6:25 / 1 Enoch 5:9 Isaiah 34:4 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 11:5 Psalm 82:1 / Targum Psalm 82:1 Esther 2:20 / LXX Esther 2:20 Habakkuk 3:2 / Jonathan Habakkuk 3:2 Isaiah 53:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:10 Leviticus 18:5 / Luke 10:28 Leviticus 18:5 / Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 Isaiah 28:25 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:25 Psalm 119:85 / LXX Psalm 118:85 Deuteronomy 23:25 / Matthew 12:1 Hosea 6:6 / Matthew 12:7 Isaiah 60:21 / Matthew 15:13 Deuteronomy 19:15 / Matthew 18:16 Isaiah 32:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 32:6 Numbers 15:38 / Matthew 23:5 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 33:2 Proverbs 6:23 / Matthew 5:14 Deuteronomy 26:14 / Tobit 4:17 Proverbs 6:25 / Matthew 5:28 Deuteronomy 27:8 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 27:8 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Haggai 2:11 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Malachi 2:7 Haggai 2:11 / Malachi 2:7 Leviticus 19:18 / James 5:9 Joshua 1:8 / Psalm 1:2 Leviticus 15:19 / 1 Enoch 15:4 Numbers 6:24 / 1 Enoch 1:8 Deuteronomy 4:2 / 1 Enoch 104:9 Deuteronomy 5:32 / Joshua 1:7 Genesis 3:15 / Neofiti Genesis 3:15 Exodus 13:1 / Sirach 24:1 1 Chronicles 10:13 / LXX 1 Chronicles 10:13 Job 1:5 / LXX Job 1:5 Genesis 1:26 / Sirach 17:3 Deuteronomy 30:12 / Bava Metzia 59b Deuteronomy 21:22 / John 19:31 Isaiah 66:24 / Zechariah 14:16 Deuteronomy 27:25 / Matthew 27:24 Proverbs 6:23 / John 8:12 Deuteronomy 6:5 / Tobit 2:2 Leviticus 19:18 / Sirach 28:2 Exodus 34:13 / Judith 3:7 Exodus 15:22 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22 Deuteronomy 25:4 / 1 Corinthians 9:9 Genesis 1:22 / Leviticus 26:9 Psalm 16:8 / Psalm 119:30 Exodus 8:19 / Exodus 31:18 Leviticus 26:14 / Ezekiel 5:7 Deuteronomy 31:11 / 2 Kings 23:2 1 Kings 2:26 / 2 Kings 22:4 / Jeremiah 1:1 Isaiah 8:16 / Jubilees 1:4 Leviticus 23:34 / Jubilees 16:21 Leviticus 19:23 / Jubilees 7:1 Leviticus 16:27 / Jubilees 34:18 Genesis 4:11 / Deuteronomy 27:24 Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 / Berakhot 5a Deuteronomy 31:20 / Jubilees 1:8 Deuteronomy 17:19 / 2 Kings 23:2 Exodus 30:32 / Jubilees 4:25 Exodus 23:11 / Jubilees 7:37 Exodus 20:6 / Jubilees 23:31 Exodus 33:7 / Onkelos Exodus 33:7 Exodus 34:7 / Onkelos Exodus 34:7 Genesis 18:20 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 18:20 Genesis 1:27 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:27 Genesis 3:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:15 Joshua 1:7 / Malachi 4:4 Genesis 13:15 / Deuteronomy 34:4 Psalm 41:13 / Psalm 72:18 / Psalm 89:52 / Psalm 106:48 Genesis 5:1 / Sanhedrin 38b Isaiah 4:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 4:2 Isaiah 5:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 5:10 Isaiah 24:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 24:1 Isaiah 64:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 64:4 Leviticus 19:2 / Joshua 24:19 Leviticus 24:20 / Matthew 5:38 Genesis 20:12 / Leviticus 18:9 Leviticus 26:25 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:25 Leviticus 26:46 / Onkelos Leviticus 26:46 1 Chronicles 16:40 / LXX 1 Chronicles 16:40 Deuteronomy 34:8 / LXX Deuteronomy 34:8 Exodus 34:6 / Sirach 5:5 Numbers 21:18 / 4Q266 / Philo Allegorical Interpretation Numbers 8:14 / Numbers 16:9 / Deuteronomy 10:8 Psalm 16:7 / Genesis Rabbah 61:1 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Sirach 35:15 Exodus 22:22 / Jeremiah 22:3 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Isaiah 11:4 Lamentations 2:19 / Psalm 119:48 Psalm 1:4 / Matthew 3:12 Genesis 21:2 / Protoevangelium of James 2 Genesis 18:14 / Protoevangelium of James 1 Ezra 10:3 / Matthew 5:32 Psalm 131:1 / Sirach 3:21 Psalm 139:6 / Sirach 3:21 Numbers 16:33 / Sanhedrin 110a Psalm 68:18 / Shabbat 88b Habakkuk 2:4 / Galatians 3:11 Leviticus 18:5 / Galatians 3:12 Psalms 119:99 / Pirkei Avot 4:1 Proverbs 4:2 / Pirkei Avot 3:14 Isaiah 54:13 / Berakhot 64a Genesis 26:5 / Jubilees 24:11 Genesis 26:5 / Sirach 44:20 Numbers 29:35 / Nehemiah 8:18 Genesis 18:19 / Jubilees 20:2 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Jubilees 31:15 Malachi 2:6 / Jubilees 31:15 Genesis 39:9 / Jubilees 39:6 Leviticus 20:10 / Jubilees 39:6 Deuteronomy 10:17 / Jubilees 40:8 Nehemiah 8:3 / LXX Nehemiah 8:3 Nehemiah 8:8 / LXX Nehemiah 8:8

Ancient Near East

The Memphite Theology / 2 Kings 22:8 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 19:7 Surpu II / Matthew 25:35 Code of Hammurabi / Matthew 5:38 Code of Hammurabi / Psalm 19:6

Septuagint

LXX Deuteronomy 33:4 / Sirach 24:23

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q525 2 / Matthew 5:8 4Q398 / Romans 4:9 4Q174 / Romans 3:20 4Q266 / 1 Corinthians 10:4

Deuterocanon

1 Maccabees 12:9 / Romans 15:4 Baruch 4:1 / Matthew 5:18 Sirach 9:8 / Matthew 5:28 Sirach 33:1 / James 1:2 Baruch 3:37 / John 1:14 Sirach 4:10 / James 1:27 Sirach 15:3 / John 6:35 2 Maccabees 1:4 / Acts 16:14 1 Maccabees 2:46 / Galatians 5:12 Baruch 3:29 / Romans 10:6 Wisdom of Solomon 6:18 / Psalms of Solomon 9:5 Sirach 41:8 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:13 Sirach 3:21 / Mishnah Chagigah 2:1 Wisdom of Solomon 16:26 / Matthew 4:4 1 Maccabees 2:28 / Matthew 24:16 Wisdom of Solomon 11:16 / Testament of Gad 5:10 Wisdom of Solomon 18:15 / Revelation 19:15 Wisdom of Solomon 18:4 / John 8:12 Sirach 24:33 / 1 Enoch 82:2

Pseudepigrapha

4 Maccabees 5:20 / James 2:10 Jubilees 1:29 / Galatians 3:19 Jubilees 1:29 / Acts 7:53 Jubilees 7:20 / Acts 15:20 4 Ezra 9:31 / Sifre Deuteronomy 345 Letter of Aristeas / Megillah 9a Psalms of Solomon 7:9 / Matthew 11:30 Testament of Naphtali 3:2 / Psalms of Solomon 18:10 Jubilees 7:26 / 2 Enoch 30:13 Jubilees 2:2 / Hebrews 2:2 Testament of Dan 6:2 / Galatians 3:19 Jubilees 3:31 / 1 Enoch 103:2 1 Enoch 82:3 / 2 Enoch 48:5 Jubilees 39:6 / 4 Maccabees 2:3 1 Enoch 105:1 / Romans 2:19

Targum

Targum Psalm 68:19 / Ephesians 4:8

New Testament

Matthew 5:9 / Mishnah Peah 1 Matthew 5:17 / Pirkei Avot 4:9 Mark 2:27 / Yoma 85b Matthew 5:28 / Kallah 2 Matthew 5:21 / Bava Metzia 58b Matthew 6:34 / Berakhot 9b Matthew 11:28 / Pirkei Avot 3:5 Romans 7:8 / Yoma 72b Romans 7:1 / Shabbat 30a Romans 7:7 / Jerusalem Yoma 6.4 Romans 7:10 / Exodus Rabbah 5 Acts 2:4 / Exodus Rabbah 5 Romans 13:9 / Genesis Rabbah 24:7 James 1:22 / Pirkei Avot 6:7 James 1:25 / Pirkei Avot 3:8 James 1:25 / Pirkei Avot 6:2 John 7:38 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Galatians 5:22 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Matthew 5:18 / Sanhedrin 107a Romans 7:5 / Ruth Rabbah 3 Galatians 3:24 / Genesis Rabbah 1 John 1:1 / Genesis Rabbah 1 Luke 4:16 / Mishnah Yoma 7 Luke 4:16 / Tosefta Sukkah 2 Matthew 5:22 / Bava Metzia 59a Romans 2:13 / Shabbat 88a Luke 15:8 / Song of Songs Rabbah 1:9 Mark 2:27 / Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 31:13 Matthew 23:15 / Yoma 72b Matthew 23:23 / Pirkei Avot 2:1 Mark 2:16 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 2 2 Thessalonians 3:8 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Matthew 9:20 / Taanit 23b Matthew 5:22 / Neofiti Genesis 9:6 Matthew 5:18 / Genesis Rabbah 10 Matthew 5:28 / Leviticus Rabbah 12 Romans 2:15 / 2 Baruch 57:2 Galatians 3:13 / Targum Ruth 1:17 2 Peter 3:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 26:10 1 Corinthians 15:52 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 20:19 1 Thessalonians 4:16 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 20:19 Romans 7:11 / Chagigah 16a 2 Corinthians 11:2 / Mishnah Taanit 4:8 Revelation 19:7 / Mishnah Taanit 4:8 Matthew 11:12 / Sifre Deuteronomy 49 Matthew 22:40 / Pirkei Avot 2:9 Matthew 23:2 / Pesikta D'Rav Kahanna 1:7 Romans 13:10 / Sifre Deuteronomy 41 Acts 18:3 / Pirkei Avot 2:2 Matthew 5:17 / Shabbat 116b Matthew 5:18 / Exodus Rabbah 6:1 Matthew 7:2 / Testament of Zebulun 5:3 Luke 10:28 / Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 Matthew 5:14 / Bava Batra 4a Matthew 10:39 / Tamid 32a Matthew 23:3 / Sifre Deuteronomy 154:4 John 1:5 / 2 Baruch 59:2 John 1:9 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:3 Romans 2:15 / 2 Baruch 48:40 Acts 20:34 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Galatians 3:17 / Acts 7:6 Luke 6:27 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 23 James 2:23 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.16 James 2:23 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.13

Classical

Philo The Decalogue 1:46 / Acts 2:3 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 12:2 / Pirkei Avot 1:1 Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 4.8 / Romans 2:14 Philo On the Virtues / 1 Timothy 5:18 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 10:7 / 1 Corinthians 10:4 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 10:7 / Onkelos Numbers 21:19 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 10:7 / Tosefta Sukkah 3

Samaritan

Samaritan Deuteronomy 11:30 / Sifre Deuteronomy 56

Matching Tags

Authoritative Deuterocanonical Citations 78 The Two Ways 11

Glossary Terms

Aramaic Covenant Code Deuteronomistic History Documentary Hypothesis Essene Hagiographa Halacha Herem Hexateuch Holiness Code Ketuvim Mishnah Mitzvah Oral Torah Oral Torahs Peshat Pharisee Rabbinic Sadducee Samaritan Samaritan Pentateuch Samaritan Torah Sifra Tabernacle Tanaaim Torah

Articles

Borrowing Authority from Established Texts

How Citation, Allusion, and Rewriting Ground New Claims in Established Traditions

intertextual.bible • July 6, 2026 • 7 min read

Be Wary of Minimalism and Maximalism

Avoiding Extremes When Discovering New and Unusual Texts

intertextual.bible • May 25, 2026 • 11 min read

Biblical Texts Require the Tools of Historiography

What Intertextuality Reveals About How to Read the Bible

intertextual.bible • May 2, 2026 • 11 min read

Intertextuality Rewards Imaginative Reading

Why Creative Engagement with Texts Is Not Eisegesis

intertextual.bible • April 25, 2026 • 9 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

The Significance of the Differences Between Text Traditions

How Divergent Traditions Reveal What Was Important to Translators and Interpreters

intertextual.bible • March 13, 2026 • 7 min read

Pre-Masoretic Hebrew Tradition

History and Tradition

intertextual.bible • January 4, 2026 • 6 min read

Reference Library

A More Perfect Torah: At the Intersection of Philology and Hermeneutics in Deuteronomy and the Temple Scroll

Levinson, Bernard M. • Penn State University Press • 2013

Abram As Israel, Israel As Abram Literary Analogy As Macro-Structural Strategy In The Torah

Postell, Seth D. • Tyndale Bulletin 67.2 • 2016

An Eye for an Eye - The Biblical Principle of Proportionality

Collins, John J. • TheTorah.com • 2024

Between Temple and Torah: Essays on Priests, Scribes, and Visionaries in the Second Temple Period and Beyond

Himmelfarb, Martha • Mohr Siebeck • 2013

Commentary on the Torah: With a New English Translation

Friedman, Richard Elliott • Harper Collins • 2003

From Tradition to Commentary: Torah and Its Interpretation in the Midrash Sifre to Deuteronomy

Fraade, Steven D. • University of New York Press • 1991

Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism

Berman, Joshua • Oxford University Press • 2017

Jacob, the Torah, and the Abrahamic Promise: Studies on the Use and Interpretation of the Jacob Story in the Book of Jubilees

Tanskanen, Topias K. E. • Åbo Akademi University • 2023

Jacob, the Torah, and the Abrahamic Promise: Studies on the Use and Interpretation of the Jacob Story in the Book of Jubilees

Tanskanen, Topias K. E. • Åbo Akademi University Press • 2023

Jacob, the Torah, and the Abrahamic Promise: Studies on the Use and Interpretation of the Jacob Story in the Book of Jubilees

Tanskanen, Topias K. E. • Åbo Akademi University Press • 2023

Jesus' Fulfilment of the Torah and Prophets: Inherited Writing Strategies and Torah Interpretation in Matthew's Gospel

Stiles, Steven J. • The University of Edinburgh • 2017

Korah Took

Kreisel, Haim • TheTorah.com • 2023

"Literary History and Composition History of the Torah: The Sea Crossing (Exod 14:1-31) as a Test Case" in Smelik, K. A. D., et al., editors. Approaches to Literary Readings of Ancient Jewish Writings

Erisman, Angela Roskop • Brill • 2014

Onkelos on the Torah, Exodus: Understanding the Bible Text

Drazin, Israel, and Stanley M. Wagner • Gefen • 2006

Onkelos on the Torah, Genesis: Understanding the Bible Text

Drazin, Israel, and Stanley M. Wagner • Gefen • 2006

Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text

Drazin, Israel, and Stanley M. Wagner • Gefen • 2006

Onkelos on the Torah, Numbers: Understanding the Bible Text

Drazin, Israel, and Stanley M. Wagner • Gefen • 2006

The Book of Jeremiah: Realisation of Threats of the Torah – and also of Promises?

Fisher, S.J. • Verbum et Ecclesia 40(1) • 2019

The Depiction of Jeroboam and Hadad as Moses-like Saviors

Novick, Tzvi • TheTorah.com • 2018

The Early Reception of the Torah

Castelli, Silvia and Jan Willem van Henten • De Gruyter • 2020

The Early Reception of the Torah

Weaks, Joseph A. • De Gruyter • 2020

The Early Reception of the Torah

van Henten, Jan Willem and Silvia Castelliv • De Gruyter • 2020

The Early Reception of the Torah

Mariani, Mark • De Gruyter • 2020

The Early Reception of the Torah

Stokes, Ryan E. • De Gruyter • 2020

The Faces of Torah: Studies in the Texts and Contexts of Ancient Judaism in Honor of Steven Fraade

Amit, Aaron • Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht • 2017

The Faces of Torah: Studies in the Texts and Contexts of Ancient Judaism in Honor of Steven Fraade

Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A. and Michal Bar-Asher Siegal • Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht • 2017

The Fall of Jerusalem and the Rise of the Torah

Berlejung, Angelika • Mohr Siebeck • 2016

The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version

Tsedaka, Benyamim • William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company • 2013

The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version

Tsedaka, Benyamim • William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company • 2013

The JPS Jewish Heritage Torah Commentary

Garfinkel, Stephen P. • The Jewish Publication Society • 2023

The Jesus of the Gospels as interpreter of the Torah

Wengst, Klaus • Ruhr-University in Bochum • 2010

The More Torah, The More Life: A Christian Commentary on Mishnah Avot

Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel • Peeters • 2018

The More Torah, the More Life: A Christian Commentary on Mishnah Avot

Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel • Peeters • 2018

The More Torah, the More Life: A Christian Commentary on Mishnah Avot

Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel • Peeters • 2018

The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible’s Writers

Sperling, S. David • New York University Press • 1998

The Torah Likened with Nurturing Water of Rivers in Sirach 24:23-34: Eco-Theological Significance

Kavusa Kivatsi, Jonathan • Pharos Journal of Theology, Vol. 99 • 2018

The Torah of the Gospel: A Rabbinic Polemic against The Syro-Roman Lawbook

Paz, Yakir • The Harvard Theological Review, No. 112 • 2019

Tikkunei Soferim and the Ironic Emendation of Rashi’s Interpretation

Lockshin, Marty • TheTorah.com • 2015

Torah Old and New: Exegesis, Intertextuality, and Hermeneutics

Witherington, Ben • Fortress Press • 2018

Torah Old and New: Exegesis, Intertextuality, and Hermeneutics

Witherington, Ben, III • Fortress Press • 2018

Torah Praxis after 70 C.E.: Reading Matthew and Luke-Acts as Jewish Texts

Oliver, Isaac Wilk • The University of Michigan • 2012

Torah and Christ: On the Use of the Old Testament in the Early Synagogue and in the Early Church

Kvarme, Ole M. • Evangelical Review of Theology, Vol. 8, No. 2 • 1984

Torah, Temple, Land: Constructions of Judaism in Antiquity

Collins, Adela Yarbro • Mohr Siebeck • 2021

Wisdom and Torah: The Reception of “Torah” in the Wisdom Literature of the Second Temple Period

Müller, Reinhard • Brill • 2013

Womanist Midrash: A Reintroduction to the Women of the Torah and the Throne

Gafney, Wilda • Westminster John Knox Press • 2017

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