Intertextual Bible intertextual.bible

Search Results

Showing 610 results for: Ancient Near East

You may want to refine your search to reduce the number of matches

Did you mean ... Ancient Near Eastern

Guides

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

Beauty and Divine Favor in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

Explore how ancient Near Eastern royal ideology connected physical beauty to divine election and how this influenced the Hebrew Bible. This concept is...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

King Josiah at the Center of Israel's History

Explore how Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings use distinct Deuteronomic language and literary structure that converges on Josiah's reform, suggesting...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Ezekiel 28:12 / 1 Enoch 24:2 2 Samuel 22:16 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Isaiah 50:2 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Deuteronomy 4:2 / Sirach 18:6 Deuteronomy 32:24 / Habakkuk 3:5 Leviticus 26:29 / 2 Kings 6:28 Habakkuk 3:5 / Jeremiah 14:12 Isaiah 49:23 / Psalm 72:9 Micah 7:17 / Psalm 72:9 Judges 9:37 / Ezekiel 38:12 2 Samuel 7:14 / Psalm 2:7 Isaiah 60:19 / Revelation 21:23 Leviticus 15:19 / Lamentations 1:9 Ezekiel 36:17 / Lamentations 1:9 Proverbs 3:19 / Psalm 136:5 Deuteronomy 17:16 / Isaiah 2:7 Deuteronomy 17:16 / Micah 5:10 Deuteronomy 17:16 / Psalm 20:8 Deuteronomy 17:17 / 1 Kings 11:3 Exodus 32:4 / 1 Kings 12:28 Exodus 33:22 / 1 Kings 19:11 Exodus 24:18 / 1 Kings 19:8 Exodus 3:6 / 1 Kings 19:13 Deuteronomy 12:5 / 2 Samuel 7:13 Genesis 1:31 / Exodus 39:43 Genesis 2:2 / Exodus 40:33 Leviticus 5:4 / Judges 11:30 Leviticus 5:4 / 1 Samuel 14:24 1 Samuel 2:6 / Luke 1:52 Judges 9:53 / 2 Samuel 11:21 Judges 9:23 / 1 Samuel 16:14 Genesis 49:9 / Numbers 24:9 Deuteronomy 14:11 / Matthew 26:11 2 Samuel 22:8 / Job 9:6 Leviticus 19:18 / Proverbs 24:29 Leviticus 19:18 / Proverbs 20:22 Deuteronomy 28:49 / Habakkuk 1:8 Isaiah 13:8 / 1 Enoch 62:4 Proverbs 3:19 / Wisdom of Solomon 9:9 2 Chronicles 36:22 / Ezra 1:1 Deuteronomy 4:19 / Ezekiel 8:16 Genesis 49:10 / Psalm 60:7 Genesis 4:1 / Genesis 14:19 / Proverbs 8:22 Genesis 17:8 / Psalm 105:11 Jeremiah 25:15 / Obadiah 1:16 1 Kings 10:2 / Psalm 72:15 Habakkuk 3:11 / Zechariah 9:14 Numbers 18:26 / Nehemiah 10:38 Leviticus 23:24 / Psalm 81:3 Jeremiah 22:16 / Psalm 72:4 Psalm 19:4 / Psalm 65:8 Genesis 9:21 / Lamentations 4:21 Zechariah 14:8 / 1 Enoch 17:4 Numbers 11:16 / Judges 12:14 Deuteronomy 10:18 / 2 Kings 4:1 Genesis 1:16 / Psalm 136:7 Daniel 4:11 / Irenaeus Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching 46 Genesis 2:2 / Psalms 132:8 Genesis 1:1 / Psalms 78:69 Deuteronomy 23:15 / Philemon 1:12

Ancient Near East

KTU I.2 / Psalm 82:1 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Habakkuk 3:5 Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12 / Lamentations 2:21 The Memphite Theology / Genesis 1:31 Enuma Elish IV / Habakkuk 3:5 Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 4:2 Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 12:32 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Ezekiel 14:21 The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq / Jeremiah 5:8 The Dream of Gudea / Ezekiel 40:2 Enuma Elish VI / Daniel 2:37 Enuma Elish VI / 1 Enoch 9:4 Enuma Elish VI / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7 Epic of Gilgamesh VI / Psalm 82:1 Epic of Gilgamesh VII / Psalm 82:1 Book of the Dead 125 / Psalm 24:3 KAI 26.iii / Exodus 17:14 KAI 26.iii / Psalm 82:1 KAI 26.iii / Deuteronomy 29:20 Esarhaddon Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 29:20 Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup / Deuteronomy 29:20 Code of Hammurabi / Deuteronomy 29:20 The Baal Cycle / Numbers 11:16 The Baal Cycle / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Numbers 11:16 Panamuwa Inscription / 2 Kings 10:7 Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 1:7 Legend of Keret / Psalm 82:3 KTU 1.18 / Lamentations 2:11 The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza / Deuteronomy 30:19 Enuma Anu Enlil / Joshua 10:13 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:16 The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon / Deuteronomy 5:7 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 3:14 Pyramid Texts Spell 204 / Genesis 3:14 Epic of Gilgamesh I / Genesis 25:25 Code of Hammurabi / Ezekiel 34:2 Code of Hammurabi / Psalm 19:6 Code of Hammurabi / Jeremiah 22:3 Code of Hammurabi / Leviticus 26:3 The Building of Ningirsu Temple / Daniel 4:10 Epic of Gilgamesh V / Ezekiel 31:3 Epic of Gilgamesh V / Ezekiel 28:13 Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta / Daniel 4:11 Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta / Ezekiel 31:3 The Baal Cycle / Genesis 2:2 The Dream of Gudea / 1 Chronicles 28:19 The Dream of Gudea / Exodus 25:40

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Naphtali 3:2 / Jude 1:13 Jubilees 10:26 / Tanchuma Noach 18 Testament of Dan 2:4 / Matthew 6:23 1 Enoch 9:4 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 1 Enoch 9:4 / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7 Psalms of Solomon 18:10 / Jude 1:13

Classical

Plato Symposium 189c / Genesis Rabbah 8:1

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Daniel 12:3 / 1 Enoch 104:2 Genesis 49:25 / Neofiti Genesis 49:25 Psalm 91:10 / Targum Psalm 91:10 Psalm 82:4 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 1.63 Zechariah 1:8 / Revelation 19:11 Zechariah 1:8 / Revelation 6:2 Isaiah 63:2 / Revelation 19:13 Exodus 19:16 / Revelation 8:5 Exodus 19:16 / Revelation 4:5 Daniel 12:3 / Philippians 2:15 Ezekiel 40:5 / Revelation 21:15 Ezekiel 1:7 / Revelation 1:15 Exodus 32:32 / Revelation 3:5 Ezekiel 1:27 / Revelation 10:1 Ezekiel 1:10 / Revelation 4:7 Isaiah 34:4 / Revelation 6:13 Daniel 7:13 / 1 Thessalonians 4:17 Isaiah 19:1 / Mark 13:26 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Judges 5:4 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Torah Shebikhtav, Lech Lecha, Torah Ohr 2 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Or HaChaim 32 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Berakhot 17a Proverbs 30:6 / Revelation 22:18 Deuteronomy 4:2 / Revelation 22:18 Deuteronomy 4:2 / Proverbs 30:6 Psalm 68:5 / Joseph and Aseneth 12:11 Proverbs 3:19 / Psalm 136:5 2 Samuel 7:14 / Psalm 2:7 Zechariah 9:10 / Psalm 72:8 Isaiah 49:23 / Psalm 72:9 Exodus 23:20 / Psalm 91:11 Psalm 104:4 / Hebrews 1:7 Psalm 82:6 / Isaiah 24:21 Ezekiel 40:3 / Zechariah 2:1 Amos 7:14 / Zechariah 13:5 Micah 7:17 / Psalm 72:9 Deuteronomy 19:14 / Hosea 5:10 Jeremiah 10:13 / Psalm 135:7 Genesis 11:7 / Numbers 11:17 Deuteronomy 17:17 / 1 Kings 11:3 2 Kings 19:15 / 2 Samuel 6:2 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Jeremiah 19:5 Numbers 21:9 / 2 Kings 18:4 Joshua 10:24 / Psalm 110:1 Genesis 49:25 / Deuteronomy 33:13 Genesis 49:9 / Numbers 24:9 Genesis 22:11 / Exodus 3:4 Genesis 46:2 / Exodus 3:4 Deuteronomy 28:26 / Jeremiah 19:7 Exodus 4:22 / Jeremiah 31:9 Isaiah 40:20 / Jeremiah 10:4 Isaiah 44:12 / Jeremiah 10:3 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Jeremiah 10:16 Proverbs 3:11 / Job 5:17 Proverbs 1:7 / Job 28:28 Proverbs 13:9 / Job 21:17 Isaiah 44:24 / Job 9:8 Amos 5:8 / Job 9:9 Amos 5:8 / Job 38:31 Psalm 139:15 / Job 10:11 Proverbs 11:1 / Amos 8:5 Deuteronomy 25:15 / Proverbs 11:1 Deuteronomy 27:25 / Proverbs 15:27 Deuteronomy 19:14 / Proverbs 22:28 Ezekiel 16:8 / Ruth 3:9 Proverbs 7:4 / Song of Solomon 4:9 Leviticus 19:36 / Hosea 12:7 Exodus 15:5 / Jonah 2:6 1 Kings 19:4 / Jonah 4:3 Exodus 15:3 / Psalm 24:8 Psalm 74:13 / Job 26:12 Isaiah 51:9 / Job 26:12 Isaiah 21:8 / Habakkuk 2:1 Psalm 68:21 / Habakkuk 3:13 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Habakkuk 3:4 Joshua 10:13 / Habakkuk 3:11 Jeremiah 19:8 / Zephaniah 2:15 Isaiah 54:16 / Zechariah 1:21 Habakkuk 3:11 / Zechariah 9:14 Jeremiah 23:19 / Zechariah 9:14 Psalm 46:9 / Psalm 76:3 Genesis 7:11 / Malachi 3:10 Genesis 1:21 / Psalm 104:26 Psalm 74:14 / Psalm 104:26 Exodus 20:16 / Psalm 27:12 Genesis 6:17 / Psalm 29:10 Genesis 1:3 / Psalm 33:9 Jonah 2:3 / Psalm 42:7 Genesis 49:10 / Psalm 60:7 Judges 5:5 / Psalm 68:8 Jeremiah 22:16 / Psalm 72:4 Nahum 1:2 / Psalm 94:1 Exodus 3:15 / Psalm 135:13 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Psalm 146:7 Exodus 15:8 / 2 Samuel 22:16 Isaiah 63:15 / Psalm 33:13 Isaiah 63:15 / Psalm 80:14 Isaiah 63:15 / Psalm 102:19 Isaiah 51:7 / Job 22:22 Deuteronomy 12:32 / Proverbs 30:6 Leviticus 19:36 / Proverbs 16:11 Ecclesiastes 3:13 / Sirach 14:11 Ezekiel 1:22 / Sirach 43:13 Exodus 9:18 / Psalm 18:12 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Isaiah 60:2 Psalm 24:7 / LXX Psalm 23:7 Ezekiel 1:26 / 1 Enoch 18:7 Proverbs 8:27 / Isaiah 40:22 Jeremiah 10:13 / LXX Jeremiah 28:16 Exodus 34:29 / Habakkuk 3:4 Psalm 82:1 / LXX Psalm 81:1 Genesis 37:28 / LXX Genesis 37:28 Judges 5:31 / Isaiah 30:26 Psalm 2:7 / Targum Psalm 2:7 Psalm 62:12 / 2 Corinthians 5:10 Daniel 7:13 / Matthew 26:64 Deuteronomy 32:8 / LXX Deuteronomy 32:8 Deuteronomy 32:8 / 4Q37 32:8 Exodus 19:18 / Psalm 50:3 Habakkuk 3:5 / Jeremiah 14:12 Isaiah 1:3 / Jeremiah 8:7 Genesis 8:21 / Amos 5:21 Genesis 8:21 / Isaiah 11:3 Genesis 8:21 / Numbers 28:2 Numbers 28:2 / Ezekiel 44:7 Psalm 16:7 / Revelation 2:23 Psalm 16:7 / Berakhot 61a Genesis 1:7 / Psalm 148:4 Psalm 33:7 / Jeremiah 10:13 Psalm 104:2 / Isaiah 40:22 2 Samuel 22:8 / Job 26:11 2 Samuel 22:8 / Job 9:6 2 Samuel 22:8 / Isaiah 13:13 2 Samuel 22:15 / Ezekiel 1:4 Psalm 33:7 / Amos 9:6 Job 38:22 / Sirach 39:29 Psalm 135:7 / 1 Enoch 17:3 Psalm 135:7 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Psalm 19:4 / 1 Enoch 41:5 Ezekiel 32:2 / Targum Job 41:2 Deuteronomy 27:8 / Neofiti Deuteronomy 27:8 Psalm 3:7 / 1 Enoch 46:3 Psalm 58:6 / 1 Enoch 46:3 Psalm 3:7 / Psalm 58:6 Daniel 7:10 / 1 Enoch 47:3 Daniel 12:1 / Luke 10:20 Psalm 69:28 / Daniel 12:1 2 Samuel 22:5 / Psalm 69:15 2 Samuel 22:5 / Job 26:5 Malachi 3:16 / Luke 10:20 2 Samuel 24:16 / 2 Kings 19:35 Joel 3:16 / 1 Enoch 1:5 Jeremiah 51:16 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Jeremiah 51:16 / Psalm 135:7 Exodus 9:18 / Joshua 10:11 Ezekiel 40:3 / 1 Enoch 61:1 Deuteronomy 32:42 / Jeremiah 46:10 Job 37:1 / John 12:28 Daniel 12:3 / 4 Ezra 7:125 Daniel 12:3 / 1 Enoch 108:12 Daniel 7:10 / 1 Enoch 71:10 Psalm 24:7 / 1 Enoch 72:3 Isaiah 1:17 / Psalm 72:12 Isaiah 65:11 / LXX Isaiah 65:11 1 Samuel 16:12 / Isaiah 53:2 2 Samuel 14:25 / Isaiah 53:2 Psalm 45:2 / Isaiah 53:2 Ezekiel 28:12 / 1 Enoch 24:2 Deuteronomy 10:17 / 1 Enoch 9:4 Ezekiel 1:22 / 1 Enoch 14:10 Job 38:4 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Psalm 74:13 / Targum Psalm 74:13 Job 9:8 / LXX Job 9:8 Exodus 32:32 / Luke 10:20 2 Samuel 22:16 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Isaiah 50:2 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Exodus 32:32 / 1 Enoch 108:3 Psalm 69:29 / 1 Enoch 108:3 Ezekiel 28:13 / LXX Ezekiel 28:13 Jeremiah 50:25 / Sirach 39:30 Exodus 14:24 / Judges 4:15 Ezekiel 31:10 / Daniel 4:11 Psalm 84:11 / Isaiah 60:2 Deuteronomy 33:26 / Isaiah 19:1 Habakkuk 3:15 / Matthew 14:22 Leviticus 19:26 / 1 Samuel 14:32 2 Samuel 22:14 / Amos 1:2 Psalm 74:14 / Isaiah 27:1 Deuteronomy 32:24 / Habakkuk 3:5 Psalm 18:10 / 2 Samuel 22:11 Exodus 15:4 / Jonah 2:3 Genesis 8:21 / Genesis 27:27 Genesis 1:21 / Neofiti Genesis 1:21 Exodus 15:9 / Leviticus 26:33 Exodus 32:20 / Numbers 5:17 Numbers 25:2 / Psalm 106:28 Deuteronomy 2:11 / Proverbs 9:18 Judges 9:37 / Ezekiel 38:12 Psalm 87:4 / Revelation 20:12 Jeremiah 51:36 / Revelation 21:1 Genesis 2:10 / Ezekiel 28:14 Deuteronomy 17:16 / Micah 5:10 2 Samuel 22:11 / Ezekiel 9:3 Exodus 6:6 / Job 15:25 Psalm 97:5 / 1 Enoch 1:6 Jeremiah 5:22 / 1 Enoch 5:3 Ezekiel 14:14 / 1 Enoch 6:7 Exodus 29:18 / Onkelos Exodus 29:18 Genesis 1:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:6 / Genesis Rabbah 4:3 Genesis 1:26 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:26 Joshua 5:14 / Habakkuk 3:5 Isaiah 6:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:2 Isaiah 51:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 51:9 Judges 5:4 / Psalm 68:7 Genesis 49:25 / Amos 9:2 Genesis 8:21 / 1 Samuel 26:19 Genesis 8:21 / Leviticus 26:31 Numbers 10:35 / Psalm 24:10 Genesis 6:7 / Exodus 17:14 Deuteronomy 10:17 / Psalm 136:2 Psalm 16:7 / Genesis Rabbah 61:1 Psalm 30:12 / Psalm 108:1 Lamentations 2:11 / Psalm 57:8 Proverbs 23:16 / Jeremiah 12:2 Proverbs 23:16 / 1 Maccabees 2:24 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Psalm 146:9 Numbers 11:16 / Judges 12:14 Exodus 22:22 / Malachi 3:5 Deuteronomy 10:18 / Job 31:18 Exodus 22:22 / Psalm 68:5 Deuteronomy 10:18 / 2 Kings 4:1 Exodus 22:22 / 2 Enoch 50:7 Genesis 9:13 / Habakkuk 3:9 Genesis 39:6 / 1 Kings 1:6 Exodus 21:23 / Proverbs 24:29 Nahum 1:3 / Zechariah 9:14 Job 38:1 / Zechariah 9:14 Psalm 83:15 / Zechariah 9:14 Isaiah 40:21 / 1 Enoch 18:2 Exodus 24:1 / Ezekiel 8:11 Exodus 24:10 / Zechariah 14:4 Isaiah 14:13 / Job 38:7 Genesis 18:2 / Genesis 18:33 Proverbs 22:9 / Proverbs 28:22 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Daniel 12:1 Isaiah 14:13 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Genesis 11:4 / Isaiah 14:13 Deuteronomy 33:3 / John 10:28 Leviticus 21:17 / Daniel 1:4 Judges 5:4 / Habakkuk 3:3 Habakkuk 3:3 / Psalms 68:8 Psalms 68:8 / Zechariah 9:14 Judges 5:4 / Zechariah 9:14 Deuteronomy 33:2 / Zechariah 9:14

Ancient Near East

Epic of Gilgamesh Sippar Tablet / Ecclesiastes 9:7 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 7:1 Eridu Genesis / Genesis 2:7 Enuma Elish V / 1 Enoch 72:2 Summa Alu 1 / Genesis 11:4 KTU I.5 / Isaiah 27:1 KTU I.3 / Psalm 104:3 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Habakkuk 3:5 Enuma Elish I / Genesis 1:2 KTU I.3 / Psalm 68:4 Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356 / Lamentations 5:14 Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211 / Lamentations 4:2 Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269 / Lamentations 5:18 Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400 / Ezekiel 7:15 / Lamentations 1:20 Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400 / Jeremiah 14:18 / Lamentations 1:20 Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307 / Lamentations 1:11 Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393 / Lamentations 1:10 Song of the Hoe / Genesis 1:6 Enuma Elish IV / Habakkuk 3:5 The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq / Proverbs 10:7 The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq / Sirach 41:11 Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser 1 / Ezekiel 32:5 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:23 KTU 1.14 / Psalm 89:26 KTU 1.6 / Proverbs 8:15 Enuma Elish VI / Daniel 2:37 Enuma Elish VI / 1 Enoch 9:4 Enuma Elish VI / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7 KUB IV.1 / Psalm 24:10 Book of the Dead 125 / Psalm 24:3 Papyrus Salt 825 / Psalm 24:3 KAR 307 / Exodus 24:10 KAI 26.iii / 1 Samuel 15:11 KAI 26.iii / Deuteronomy 29:20 Esarhaddon Succession Treaty / Deuteronomy 9:14 Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup / Deuteronomy 29:20 KAI 26.iii / Daniel 2:37 KAI 26.iii / Ezekiel 26:7 KAI 26.iii / Ezra 7:12 The Baal Cycle / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Numbers 11:16 The Baal Cycle / Genesis 10:5 Panamuwa Inscription / 2 Kings 10:7 Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 1:7 Legend of Keret / Psalm 16:7 Legend of Keret / Isaiah 1:17 Dialogue Between a Man and his God / Psalm 26:2 KTU 1.3 / Proverbs 23:16 Instruction of Amenemope / Deuteronomy 10:18 Instruction of Amenemope / Proverbs 22:28 Instruction of Amenemope / Leviticus 19:36 Panamuwa Inscription / 1 Samuel 9:16 The Creation of the King / Psalm 45:2 The Creation of the King / Daniel 1:4 Papyrus Harris / Song of Solomon 4:9 The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi / Judges 5:25 The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi / Song of Solomon 4:11 The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi / Song of Solomon 5:1 Legend of Keret / Isaiah 41:8 The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza / Deuteronomy 30:19 The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer / Psalm 22:2 The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer / Psalm 69:3 The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer / Lamentations 3:22 Adapa and the South Wind / Genesis 3:22 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 18:11 KTU 1.3 / Exodus 15:8 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:22 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:16 Code of Hammurabi / Deuteronomy 19:16 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:29 KTU 1.20 / Isaiah 14:9 A Hymn to Nungal / Malachi 3:16 A Hymn to Nungal / Luke 10:20 Enuma Elish I / Exodus 32:32 A Prayer to Nabu / Psalm 139:16 A Hymn to Nungal / Psalm 69:28 A Prayer to Nabu / Job 14:5 The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon / Deuteronomy 5:7 The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon / Deuteronomy 13:6 The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon / Deuteronomy 13:9 Surpu II / Leviticus 11:2 Surpu II / Leviticus 5:4 Surpu II / Deuteronomy 19:14 Surpu II / Leviticus 19:36 Surpu II / Leviticus 18:20 Surpu II / Leviticus 19:3 Surpu II / Matthew 25:35 Surpu II / Leviticus 6:3 Surpu III / Leviticus 5:17 Surpu IX / Arakhin 15b Surpu II / Isaiah 29:13 Surpu II / Deuteronomy 23:23 Surpu II / Psalm 15:4 Surpu III / Exodus 20:5 Emar Saharsubbu / Leviticus 14:3 Surpu III / Psalm 19:12 Surpu IV / Isaiah 35:3 Surpu IV / Psalm 146:8 Surpu IV / Isaiah 42:7 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:2 Code of Hammurabi / Deuteronomy 22:22 Epic of Gilgamesh I / Genesis 2:7 Epic of Gilgamesh V / Genesis 2:8 The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib / Psalm 18:2 KTU 1.5 / Isaiah 22:12 KTU 1.116 / Joel 1:8 KTU 1.116 / Isaiah 22:12 Code of Hammurabi / Deuteronomy 22:13 The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi / Song of Solomon 2:6

Septuagint

LXX Job 9:8 / Mark 6:45

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q504 / Genesis Rabbah 20:5

Deuterocanon

Sirach 43:17 / 1 Enoch 59:2

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 9:4 / Revelation 17:14 1 Enoch 9:4 / Revelation 19:16 3 Maccabees 5:35 / Revelation 17:14 1 Enoch 47:3 / Luke 10:20 1 Enoch 47:3 / Revelation 20:12 1 Enoch 9:4 / 1 Timothy 6:15 1 Enoch 61:2 / Revelation 21:15 Testament of Moses 1:14 / Revelation 21:1 1 Enoch 98:7 / Jubilees 30:19 Jubilees 30:19 / Luke 10:20 1 Enoch 11:1 / 1 Peter 1:4 1 Enoch 41:3 / 4 Ezra 5:37 1 Enoch 46:1 / Acts 6:15 2 Baruch 48:39 / Revelation 2:23 1 Enoch 103:2 / Luke 10:20 1 Enoch 72:5 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 6 1 Enoch 2:1 / Psalms of Solomon 18:10 1 Enoch 81:1 / 2 Enoch 22:10 1 Enoch 9:4 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 1 Enoch 9:4 / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7 1 Enoch 84:2 / Revelation 17:4

Targum

Targum Psalm 91:13 / Luke 10:19

New Testament

Luke 10:20 / Pirkei Avot 2:1 Luke 10:20 / Joseph and Aseneth 15:3 Matthew 7:6 / Pirkei Avot 6:2 Philippians 4:3 / Pirkei Avot 2:1 Matthew 17:2 / 2 Baruch 51:3 Matthew 25:34 / 2 Enoch 9:1

Classical

Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Genesis Rabbah 44:12 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Iliad Book 1 / Genesis 9:13

Samaritan

Memar Marqah 5.4 / Genesis Rabbah 20:5

Matching Tags

Beauty and Favor 8 Blotting Out 9 Divine Bodies 88 Divine Council 34 Divine Honor and Shame 21 Divine Smelling 8 Flood Parallels 15 Heavenly Tablets 25 Kidneys and Livers 20 King of Kings 15 Melammu 34 Seventy Sons 10 Solar Theology 7 Solid Firmament 16 Storm Deity 24 The Poor, the Widow, the Orphan 35 The Shema 8 Three-Tiered Cosmology 11 World Tree 19

Glossary Terms

Achaemenid Akkad Altar Ancient Near East Ancient Near Eastern Aramaic Assyria Behemoth Cherubim Covenant Covenant Code Demon Divine Council Elect Extramission Theory Firmament Henotheism Hittite Leviathan Levirate Mesopotamia Omen Rephaim Seraphim Storm God Ugarit Watchers Wisdom Literature

Articles

Be Wary of Minimalism and Maximalism

Avoiding Extremes When Discovering New and Unusual Texts

intertextual.bible • May 25, 2026 • 11 min read

Intertextuality and Parallelomania

How Methodology Helps Navigate Between Too Many and Too Few

intertextual.bible • May 9, 2026 • 10 min read

Biblical Texts Require the Tools of Historiography

What Intertextuality Reveals About How to Read the Bible

intertextual.bible • May 2, 2026 • 11 min read

Intertextuality and Reception History

The Intersection of Similar Concepts

intertextual.bible • February 9, 2026 • 7 min read

Reference Library

A Biblical Parallel to a Sumerian Temple Hymn? Ezekiel 40–48 and Gudea

Sharon, Diane M. • Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, Vol. 24, No. 1 • 1996

Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Psalm of Habakkuk 3

Patty, Tyler J. • Trinity Evangelical Divinity School • 2015

Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament

Pritchard, James B. • Princeton University Press • 2016

Beatific Afterlife in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East

Spronk, Klaas • Butzon und Bercker Neukirchener Verl • 1986

Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul

Milgrom, Jacob • Eisenbrauns • 2008

Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday

Tov, Emanuel • Eisenbrauns • 2008

Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday

Yona, Shamir • Eisenbrauns • 2008

Born in Heaven, Made on Earth: The Making of the Cult Image in the Ancient Near East

Dick, Michael B. • Eisenbrauns • 1999

Creation Accounts in the Ancient Near East and in the Bible

Clifford, Richard J. • The Catholic Biblical Association of America • 1994

"David's Relation to Moses: The Contexts, Contents, and Conditions of the Davidic Promises" in Day, John (ed.) King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar

Knoppers, Gary • Sheffield Academic Press • 2013

Foreign Women - Women in Foreign Lands: Studies on Foreignness and Gender in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East in the First Millennium BCE

Bodi, Daniel • Mohr Siebeck • 2019

From the Foundations to the Crenellations: Essays on Temple Building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible

Van Leeuwen, Raymond C. • Ugarit-Verlag • 2010

Heavenly Tablets and the Book of LIfe

Paul, Shalom M. • Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, Vol. 5, Issue 1 • 1973

Hidden Riches: A Sourcebook for the Comparative Study of the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East

Hays, Christopher B. • Westminster John Knox Press • 2014

Iconoclasm and Text Destruction in the Ancient Near East and Beyond

May, Natalie Naomi • The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago • 2012

Iconoclasm and Text Destruction in the Ancient Near East and Beyond

Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor • The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago • 2012

Magic in the Ancient Near East with Special Reference to Ancient Israel

Liedeman, Gwendolene Caren • University of Stellenbosch • 2002

Marbeh Ḥokmah: Studies in the Bible and the Ancient Near East in Loving Memory of Victor Avigdor Hurowitz

Levin, Yigal • Eisenbrauns • 2015

Moses among the Idols: Mediators of the Divine in the Ancient Near East

Balogh, Amy L. • Fortress Academic • 2018

Origins: The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Some Modern Western Institutions

Hallo, William W. • E.J. Brill • 1996

Perchance to Dream: Dream Divination in the Bible and the Ancient Near East

Noegel, Scott B. • SBL Press • 2018

Perchance to Dream: Dream Divination in the Bible and the Ancient Near East

Stökl, Jonathan • SBL Press • 2018

Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative

Cooley, Jeffrey L. • Eisenbrauns • 2013

The Ancient Near East: An Essential Guide

McLaughlin, John L. • Abingdon Press • 2012

The Ger in Deuteronomy: Expanding Ancient Near Eastern Precedent for the Protection of Vulnerable Classes

Dunahoo, Josh • George Fox University • 2020

The Good, The God, and The Ugly: The Role of the Beloved Monster in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

Higgins, Ryan S. • Interpretation, 74 (2) • 2020

The Interpretation of dreams in the Ancient Near East

Oppenheim, A. Leo • American Philosophical Society • 1956

"The Leviathan in the Ancient Near East" in Bekkum, K. van (ed.) Playing with Leviathan: Interpretation and Reception of Monsters from the Biblical World

Korpel, Marjo and Johannes de Moor • Brill • 2017

The Power of Images: The Poetics of Violence in Lamentations 2 and Ancient Near Eastern Art

Walker, Justin • Peeters • 2022

The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East

Brueggemann, Walter A. • Eisenbrauns • 1990

The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East

Winston, David • Eisenbrauns • 1990

The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms

Keel, Othmar • Eisenbrauns • 1997

Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East

Marsman, Hennie J. • Brill • 2003

Women in the Ancient Near East

Stol, Marten • De Gruyter • 2016

Quick Search

Find connections by text or reference

Search texts, references, and tags

Go to Intertext