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Psalm 104 describes God making the clouds into a chariot and riding them on the wind, language that is taken from ancient Near Eastern traditions such as the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, where Baal is first called the Cloud-Rider.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.3 III:38
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha. I ravaged El’s young bull, Ataka. I crushed the gods’ she-wolf, Fire.
Date: 1350–1185 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Psalm 104:3
Hebrew Bible
1 Praise the Lord, O my soul! O Lord my God, you are magnificent. You are robed in splendor and majesty. 2 He covers himself with light as if it were a garment. He stretches out the skies like a tent curtain 3 and lays the beams on water in his upper rooms3. He makes the clouds his chariot and travels on the wings of the wind. 4 He makes the winds his messengers and the flaming fire his attendant.
Date: 600–201 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... In some cases, however, the portrayal of Yahweh includes some far more pointed references. Baal’s epithet rkb.‘rpt “rider of the clouds,” attested (so far) sixteen times at Ugarit, is found word-for-word [...] in Ps. 68.5 (Eng. 4), in similar forms in Psalm 104.3 [...] and in Isa. 19.1 [...]. Commentators have long seen this as a taking over of the standard description of the Canaan storm-god. [...] The polemic is less obvious in Psalm 104, but the transference of Baal’s cloudy vehicle to Yahweh is marked by a change from the direct speech of the initial verse, which addresses Yahweh in the second person singular, to a narrator’s voice, which uses a string of masculine singular participles to present Yahweh in the third person. This poetic device is lost in the NRSV, but it maintains a safe distance between Yahweh himself and the ensuing collection of attributes taken from other gods, which makes this psalm unique. I take it as a clue to the writer’s awareness that the transference in Psalm 104 remained somewhat artificial. Either this Psalmist found it uneasy to praise Yahweh by attributing Baalic elements to him, or he sought to underline the transference in this way. In either way, the tone is not polemic, but it is clear that, to this writer at least, depicting Yahweh as a storm-god riding the clouds was something new. His traditional conception of Yahweh did not correspond to a storm-god, neither Baal nor any of the Near-Eastern storm-gods, since riding on the clouds was also common to the portrayal of storm-gods in Mesopotamia. ...”
James S. Anderson, Monotheism and Yahweh’s Appropriation of Baal, Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 617 (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 86–87.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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