Leviathan is a mythic sea creature portrayed as immense, dangerous, and untamable. In biblical texts, it appears as a symbol of chaos and opposition to order, sometimes described with vivid physical features that emphasize its power. This imagery is not unique to Israel but reflects earlier ancient Near Eastern traditions in which gods battle sea monsters to establish stability in the world. Biblical writers adapt this shared imagery to express ideas about divine power and control over chaos rather than to describe a literal animal. Leviathan functions as symbolic language for forces that threaten order and that only divine authority can restrain.
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- Ballentine, Debra Scoggins, "Revising a Myth: The Targum of Psalm 74 and the Exodus Tradition" in Hodge, Caroline Johnson, and Stanley Kent Stowers (eds.) The One Who Sows Bountifully: Essays in Honor of Stanley K. Stowers
- Louden, Bruce, Greek Myth and the Bible
- Korpel, Marjo C.A. and de Moor, Johannes C., "The Leviathan in the Ancient Near East" in van Bekkum, Koert; Dekker, Jaap; van de Kamp, Henk R.; Peels, Eric (ed.) Playing with Leviathan: Interpretation and Reception of Monsters from the Biblical World
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