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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

Beauty and Divine Favor in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible

Explore how ancient Near Eastern royal ideology connected physical beauty to divine election and how this influenced the Hebrew Bible. This concept is...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Texts

Early Christian

Clement of Alexandria Selections from the Prophets 53:4 / 1 Enoch 8:1

Highlighted Texts

Hebrew Bible

Exodus 14:7 / LXX Exodus 14:7 Deuteronomy 4:20 / 1 Kings 8:51 Deuteronomy 4:20 / Jeremiah 11:4 1 Samuel 16:1 / Ruth 4:17 Isaiah 40:20 / Jeremiah 10:4

Ancient Near East

Atrahasis / Genesis 7:8

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q174 / Acts 14:22 4Q174 / Revelation 2:10 4Q174 / 2 Timothy 3:1

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 25:5 / Revelation 22:2 1 Enoch 48:1 / Sirach 24:3 1 Enoch 48:9 / Exodus 15:7 1 Enoch 38:4 / 2 Corinthians 4:6 1 Enoch 48:6 / Ephesians 1:8 1 Enoch 51:5 / Daniel 12:1 1 Enoch 48:1 / Ezekiel 47:1 1 Enoch 58:3 / Psalms of Solomon 3:12 1 Enoch 45:4 / Isaiah 65:17 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 7:38 1 Enoch 45:4 / Ezekiel 37:27 1 Enoch 51:1 / Revelation 20:13 1 Enoch 48:9 / Isaiah 47:14 1 Enoch 49:4 / Isaiah 42:1 1 Enoch 25:3 / Revelation 2:7 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 4:14 1 Enoch 45:3 / Matthew 16:27 Jubilees 1:29 / Acts 7:53 Jubilees 1:29 / Galatians 3:19

New Testament

Colossians 3:12 / Plutarch Moralia 489 Romans 11:28 / Kiddushin 36a Mark 13:20 / 2 Baruch 20:1 Mark 13:27 / Zechariah 2:6 Mark 13:27 / Deuteronomy 30:4 Matthew 24:31 / Isaiah 27:13 Matthew 24:31 / Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 2 John 1:1 / 1 Peter 5:13 2 John 1:1 / Shepherd of Hermas 8:1

Classical

Philo on the Giants 4 / 1 Enoch 6:2

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 27:13 / Matthew 24:31 Deuteronomy 18:18 / Acts 3:22 Jeremiah 1:5 / Galatians 1:15 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Sirach 17:7 Daniel 3:6 / Matthew 13:42 Daniel 12:2 / Matthew 25:46 Psalm 8:5 / Wisdom of Solomon 5:15 Isaiah 14:1 / Zechariah 2:11 Leviticus 19:36 / Proverbs 16:11 Daniel 2:21 / Matthew 11:25 Amos 2:6 / Ezekiel 16:48 Ezekiel 4:14 / Acts 10:14 Joel 3:13 / Revelation 14:18 Isaiah 49:26 / Revelation 16:6 Isaiah 22:14 / Matthew 12:31 Genesis 1:21 / Neofiti Genesis 1:21 Genesis 15:5 / Deuteronomy 28:62 Exodus 23:20 / Psalm 91:11 Job 41:1 / 1 Enoch 60:6 Deuteronomy 26:19 / Jeremiah 13:11 Deuteronomy 17:16 / 1 Kings 10:27 Genesis 6:11 / 1 Enoch 9:1 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Sirach 15:17 Daniel 8:10 / 1 Enoch 46:7 Proverbs 1:7 / 1 Enoch 37:2 1 Samuel 9:24 / LXX 1 Samuel 9:24 Genesis 9:5 / 1 Enoch 47:4 Isaiah 49:7 / 1 Enoch 62:1 Exodus 23:28 / Wisdom of Solomon 12:8 Psalm 88:14 / Job 13:24 Isaiah 19:22 / Ezekiel 29:13 Ezekiel 47:12 / Zechariah 14:8 Micah 6:8 / Zephaniah 2:3 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Malachi 3:17 Exodus 32:2 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 12:2 Psalm 63:8 / Psalm 77:10 Isaiah 7:16 / LXX Isaiah 7:16 1 Kings 11:26 / Romans 13:1 1 Samuel 1:11 / Protoevangelium of James 4 Leviticus 4:24 / Ezekiel 24:2 Deuteronomy 6:8 / Berakhot 6a Numbers 17:8 / Protoevangelium of James 9

Ancient Near East

Summa Alu 104 / Gittin 70a Summa Alu 104 / Alphabet of Ben Sira Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Ezekiel 14:21 The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza / Deuteronomy 30:19 Emar Saharsubbu / Leviticus 14:3 Code of Hammurabi / Matthew 5:38 Code of Hammurabi / Ezekiel 34:2 Epic of Gilgamesh IX / 1 Enoch 17:2

Septuagint

LXX Isaiah 49:3 / Galatians 1:15 LXX Exodus 4:24 / 1 Corinthians 10:10 LXX Exodus 24:7 / Acts 2:37 LXX Psalm 77:25 / Wisdom of Solomon 16:20 LXX Exodus 19:5 / Titus 2:14

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS 1 / Matthew 5:43 1QS 11 / Philippians 3:20 1QS 4:5 / Genesis Rabbah 20:12 1QH 25:34 / Romans 7:24

Deuterocanon

Tobit 4:19 / Romans 9:18 Tobit 13:4 / Matthew 23:9 1 Maccabees 9:22 / John 21:25 Tobit 14:6 / Revelation 7:9 Judith 12:16 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.13 Judith 13:7 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.13 2 Maccabees 1:19 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.17 2 Maccabees 1:36 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.17 2 Maccabees 2:7 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.17 2 Maccabees 2:11 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.18

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 5:7 / Matthew 5:5 1 Enoch 48:4 / Luke 2:32 Jubilees 22:9 / Acts 2:4 1 Enoch 91:13 / Barnabas 16:6 1 Enoch 38:2 / Acts 7:52 1 Enoch 104:2 / Philippians 2:15 1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria Selections from the Prophets 53:4 2 Enoch 24:3 / 4 Ezra 8:62 4 Maccabees 17:5 / Matthew 13:43 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 4:14 1 Enoch 61:2 / Revelation 21:15 1 Enoch 42:2 / John 16:28 1 Enoch 10:4 / Clement of Alexandria Fragments 2:4 1 Enoch 6:2 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.36 1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria Stromata 5.1 1 Enoch 92:4 / 1 John 1:7 1 Enoch 61:5 / 2 Corinthians 1:14 1 Enoch 61:5 / 1 Corinthians 1:8 1 Enoch 61:5 / Philippians 1:6 Jubilees 32:3 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 32:25 1 Enoch 5:8 / Sirach 50:28

New Testament

Matthew 6:26 / Genesis Rabbah 79:6 1 Corinthians 8:10 / Avodah Zarah 8a Matthew 6:34 / Berakhot 9b Matthew 22:2 / Shabbat 153a Luke 15:4 / Exodus Rabbah 2:2 Matthew 2:15 / 4 Ezra 6:58 Revelation 6:9 / 4 Ezra 4:35 Matthew 24:31 / Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 Matthew 10:25 / Testament of Solomon 15 Matthew 7:2 / 2 Enoch 44:3 Mark 13:20 / 2 Baruch 20:1 Matthew 24:3 / Apocalypse of Peter 1:3 1 Peter 5:13 / 2 John 1:1 2 John 1:1 / Shepherd of Hermas 8:1

Early Christian

Didache 11:2 / 2 John 1:10

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 27:13 / Matthew 24:31 Deuteronomy 30:4 / Mark 13:27 Zechariah 2:6 / Mark 13:27 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Sirach 17:7 Haggai 2:23 / Sirach 49:11 Deuteronomy 12:5 / LXX Deuteronomy 12:5 Genesis 25:24 / Genesis 32:25 / Hosea 12:4 2 Kings 18:29 / LXX 2 Kings 18:29 Leviticus 21:17 / Daniel 1:4

Ancient Near East

The Cyrus Cylinder / Isaiah 45:1 The Creation of the King / Daniel 1:4

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS / 2 John 1:4

Deuterocanon

Tobit 4:19 / Romans 9:18

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 45:3 / Matthew 16:27 Jubilees 22:9 / Acts 2:4

New Testament

Mark 13:20 / 2 Baruch 20:1 1 Peter 5:13 / 2 John 1:1 2 John 1:1 / Shepherd of Hermas 8:1

Classical

Plato Phaedo 1:1 / Apocalypse of Peter 1:47

Glossary Terms

Elect Elect One Election Encomium Gnostic Mechilta Messiah Redaction Redaction Criticism

Articles

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible • April 16, 2026 • 12 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

The Significance of the Differences Between Text Traditions

How Divergent Traditions Reveal What Was Important to Translators and Interpreters

intertextual.bible • March 13, 2026 • 7 min read

Synchronic and Diachronic Reading

Ways of Making Sense of Complex Literary Relationships

intertextual.bible • January 23, 2026 • 4 min read

Reference Library

A Student’s Seneca: Ten Letters and Selections from De Providentia and De Vita Beata

Usher, M. D. • University of Oklahoma Press • 2006

Covenant In Daniel And The Dead Sea Scrolls: An Exposition Of Daniel 9-12 And Selected Sections Of The Damascus Document (CD), Community Rule (1QS), Hymns Scroll (1QHa) And War Scroll (1QM)

Linington, Silvia Anneliese • University of South Africa • 2014

Forgotten Scriptures: The Selection and Rejection of Early Religious Writings

McDonald, Lee Martin • Westminster John Knox Press • 2009

God in Context: Selected Essays on Society and Religion in the Early Middle East

Van der Toorn, Karel • Mohr Siebeck • 2018

Greco-Roman Literature and the New Testament: Selected Forms and Genres

Balch, David L. • Scholars Press • 1988

Imitation of God as a Principle for Ethics Today: A Study of Selected Psalms

Durant, Karen Elizabeth • University of Birmingham • 2010

Wisdom’s Root Revealed: Ben Sira and the Election of Israel

Goering, Greg Schmidt • Brill • 2009

Zechariah: Select Problems and Allusive Solutions

Seufert, Matthew Thomas • The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary • 2017

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