Texts in Conversation
Acts 14 describes entering the kingdom of God through persecution, an idea found in the Dead Sea Scroll 4Q174 where Israel faces a time of testing in the last days. Both describe trials as an expected part of the faithful community’s experience.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
4Q174 1-3 ii 1
4QFlorilegium
Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation
1 That is the time of refining that is [coming …] Judah, to complete […] 2 Belial. And there will remain … […] … lot. And they will do all the Torah […] 3 Moses. That is the … [… as] it is written in the book of Daniel the prophet, “The wicked will act [wickedly …] 4 the righteous [… will be made] white and refined, and a people who know God will hold firm.” They … […] … […] after the … […] which to them … […]
Date: 160–60 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Acts 14:22
New Testament
21 After they had proclaimed the good news in that city and made many disciples, they returned to Lystra, to Iconium, and to Antioch. 22 They strengthened the souls of the disciples and encouraged them to continue in the faith, saying, “We must enter the kingdom of God through many persecutions.” 23 When they had appointed elders for them in the various churches, with prayer and fasting they entrusted them to the protection of the Lord in whom they had believed. 24 Then they passed through Pisidia and came into Pamphylia, 25 and when they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia. 26 From there they sailed back to Antioch, where they had been commended to the grace of God for the work they had now completed.
Date: 70–90 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... A final example reveals still more of the community’s self-understanding. In an interpretation of Psalm 1, 4Q174 indicates that those who turn from the “way” (דרך) of sinners (Psalm 1:1) are to be identified with the prophet whom God warned not to walk in the “way” of the people (Isaiah 8:11). As becomes clear, both passages are seen as referring to the scribe’s own community, who must endure a time of testing in these latter days, a period referred to in 4Q174 as “the time of refining that is coming” (עת המצרף הבאה) - itself an exegetically derived phrase (Daniel 11:32, 35, compare Psalm 105:19). The expectation of testing, especially in the last days, was a common feature of early Christian belief (e.g., Acts 14:22; 2 Timothy 3:1; Revelation 2:10) ..."
Reed Carlson, “A Structure for the End of the World: 4QFlorilegium and the ‘Latter Days’ in Early Jewish Tradition,” WW 40.3 (2020): 246–254.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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