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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Deuteronomy 4:16 / 1 Corinthians 15:39 Psalm 119:167 / Sirach 15:13 Exodus 12:15 / Psalms of Solomon 3:7 Job 1:5 / Psalms of Solomon 3:7 Jeremiah 5:22 / 1 Enoch 101:6 Isaiah 1:3 / 1 Enoch 101:9 Psalm 135:7 / 1 Enoch 17:3 Psalm 135:7 / 1 Enoch 18:1 1 Kings 8:11 / 1 Enoch 93:6 Psalm 8:5 / Wisdom of Solomon 5:15 Deuteronomy 32:43 / Romans 15:10 Psalm 8:6 / 1 Peter 3:22 Deuteronomy 23:25 / Matthew 12:1 Leviticus 11:43 / Matthew 23:24 1 Kings 3:10 / Wisdom of Solomon 7:7 Deuteronomy 18:4 / Tobit 1:7 Deuteronomy 14:28 / Tobit 1:8 Psalm 91:13 / Luke 10:19 Deuteronomy 29:20 / Daniel 9:13 Isaiah 45:23 / Philippians 2:10 Exodus 1:15 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:15 Genesis 3:16 / LXX Genesis 3:16 / Jubilees 3:24 Daniel 10:6 / 1 Enoch 106:3 Daniel 7:10 / 1 Enoch 106:3 Deuteronomy 32:17 / Baruch 4:7 Leviticus 10:1 / Numbers 26:61 Exodus 19:6 / Numbers 16:3 Ecclesiastes 2:5 / Song of Solomon 4:13 Isaiah 11:2 / Testament of Levi 18:9 Isaiah 6:2 / 1 Enoch 61:2 Jeremiah 51:16 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Wisdom of Solomon 12:4 Genesis 5:24 / Wisdom of Solomon 4:10 Leviticus 6:12 / Nehemiah 10:34 Jonah 2:8 / Psalm 31:6 Ezekiel 47:12 / Zechariah 14:8 Numbers 18:26 / Nehemiah 10:38 Psalm 27:9 / Psalm 119:19 Psalm 63:8 / Psalm 119:31 Psalm 31:6 / Psalm 119:42 Psalm 31:24 / Psalm 119:43 Psalm 16:8 / Psalm 119:30 Genesis 6:4 / Jubilees 5:1 Exodus 3:7 / Onkelos Exodus 3:7 Psalm 6:9 / Targum Psalm 6:10 Leviticus 7:23 / Onkelos Leviticus 7:23 Exodus 33:7 / Onkelos Exodus 33:7 Exodus 34:9 / Daniel 9:9 1 Chronicles 16:40 / LXX 1 Chronicles 16:40 Lamentations 2:19 / Psalm 119:48 Genesis 5:24 / Hebrews 11:5 Joshua 10:13 / Sirach 46:4 Isaiah 53:12 / Philippians 2:7

Articles

Be Wary of Minimalism and Maximalism

Avoiding Extremes When Discovering New and Unusual Texts

intertextual.bible May 25, 2026 11 min read

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible May 16, 2026 10 min read

Biblical Texts Require the Tools of Historiography

What Intertextuality Reveals About How to Read the Bible

intertextual.bible May 2, 2026 11 min read

Intertextuality Rewards Imaginative Reading

Why Creative Engagement with Texts Is Not Eisegesis

intertextual.bible April 25, 2026 9 min read

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible April 16, 2026 12 min read

Intertextuality and Scripturalized Narrative

How Authors Composed New Stories from Older Scriptures

intertextual.bible March 28, 2026 8 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible March 20, 2026 8 min read

The Significance of the Differences Between Text Traditions

How Divergent Traditions Reveal What Was Important to Translators and Interpreters

intertextual.bible March 13, 2026 7 min read

Intertextuality and Reception History

The Intersection of Similar Concepts

intertextual.bible February 9, 2026 7 min read

What is Intertextuality?

The Relationships Between Texts

intertextual.bible November 16, 2025 5 min read

Reference Library

Cosmos and Creation: Second Temple Perspectives

Witte, Markus De Gruyter 2020

Cosmos and Creation: Second Temple Perspectives

Stefan Beyerle De Gruyter 2020

Jonah and Leviathan Inner-Biblical Allusions and the Problem with Dragons

Noegel, Scott B. Studies in Judaism and Christianity from Second Temple to Late Antiquity Brescia 37, 2 2015

Judaism of the Second Temple Period

Flusser, David William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2007

Reading Romans in Context: Paul and Second Temple Judaism

Blackwell, Ben C. Zondervan 2015

Rewriting Scripture in Second Temple Times

Crawford, Sidnie White William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2008

Some Observations of Philo's De Gigantibus and Evil Spirits in Second Temple Judaism

Wright, Archie Journal for the Study of Judaism 2005

The Divine Council in Late Canonical and Non-Canonical Second Temple Jewish Literature

Heiser, Michael S. University of Wisconsin-Madison 2004

The Influence Of The Angelology Of 1 Enoch On Judaism In The Second Temple Period

Dingman, Terry William UIniversity of South Africa 2002

The Jewish Pseudepigrapha: An Introduction to the Literature of the Second Temple Period

Docherty, Susan E. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 2014

The Shema in John’s Gospel Against its Backgrounds in Second Temple Judaism

Baron, Lori Ann Robinson Duke University 2015

The Theology, Halakhah, Politics, and Esotericism of the DSS Essene Sect Compared with Normative Rabbinic Practices and that of the Second Temple Sadducees

Levy, David B. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Convention of the Association of Jewish Libraries 2008

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