Comparing: Pseudepigrapha / New Testament
- 1 Enoch
- 1 Enoch 1:9 / Jude 1:14
- 1 Enoch 1:9 / Mark 8:38
- 1 Enoch 1:9 / 1 Thessalonains 3:13
- 1 Enoch 1:9 / Galatians 5:19
- 1 Enoch 2:1 / Jude 1:12
- 1 Enoch 5:4 / Mark 7:20
- 1 Enoch 5:4 / Jude 1:16
- 1 Enoch 5:7 / Matthew 5:5
- 1 Enoch 7:6 / 2 Thessalonians 2:8
- 1 Enoch 7:1 / 1 Timothy 4:1
- 1 Enoch 9:2 / Romans 8:19
- 1 Enoch 9:4 / Revelation 4:11
- 1 Enoch 9:4 / 1 Timothy 6:15
- 1 Enoch 9:4 / Revelation 19:16
- 1 Enoch 9:4 / Revelation 17:14
- 1 Enoch 9:5 / Hebrews 4:13
- 1 Enoch 9:10 / Revelation 6:9
- 1 Enoch 10:4 / 1 Peter 3:19
- 1 Enoch 10:4 / Matthew 22:13
- 1 Enoch 10:4 / Revelation 20:1
- 1 Enoch 10:4 / 2 Peter 2:4
- 1 Enoch 10:6 / Revelation 19:20
- 1 Enoch 10:6 / Jude 1:6
- 1 Enoch 10:11 / 2 Peter 2:4
- 1 Enoch 10:11 / 1 Peter 3:19
- 1 Enoch 10:13 / Luke 8:31
- 1 Enoch 10:13 / Matthew 25:41
- 1 Enoch 11:1 / 1 Peter 1:4
- 1 Enoch 12:4 / Jude 1:6
- 1 Enoch 14:3 / 1 Corinthians 6:3
- 1 Enoch 14:5 / 1 Peter 3:19
- 1 Enoch 14:9 / Acts 2:3
- 1 Enoch 14:14 / 2 Corinthians 12:4
- 1 Enoch 14:14 / Hebrews 8:1
- 1 Enoch 14:18 / Revelation 4:2
- 1 Enoch 14:20 / 1 Timothy 6:16
- 1 Enoch 14:20 / Revelation 5:11
- 1 Enoch 15:7 / Mark 12:25
- 1 Enoch 17:2 / 2 Peter 2:4
- 1 Enoch 18:13 / Revelation 8:8
- 1 Enoch 18:14 / Revelation 20:3
- 1 Enoch 18:15 / Jude 1:13
- 1 Enoch 19:1 / 1 Corinthians 10:20
- 1 Enoch 20:2 / Revelation 1:4
- 1 Enoch 20:2 / 2 Peter 2:4
- 1 Enoch 21:3 / Revelation 8:8
- 1 Enoch 21:5 / Jude 1:13
- 1 Enoch 21:6 / Revelation 20:3
- 1 Enoch 21:10 / 1 Peter 3:19
- 1 Enoch 22:9 / Luke 16:26
- 1 Enoch 22:11 / Jude 1:6
- 1 Enoch 24:3 / Revelation 17:9
- 1 Enoch 25:3 / Revelation 2:7
- 1 Enoch 25:5 / Revelation 22:2
- 1 Enoch 38:2 / Acts 7:52
- 1 Enoch 38:2 / Matthew 26:24
- 1 Enoch 38:4 / 2 Corinthians 4:6
- 1 Enoch 39:4 / John 14:2
- 1 Enoch 39:11 / Hebrews 12:9
- 1 Enoch 39:16 / Luke 9:29
- 1 Enoch 40:9 / Matthew 19:29
- 1 Enoch 40:9 / Ephesians 6:12
- 1 Enoch 42:2 / John 1:10
- 1 Enoch 42:2 / John 16:28
- 1 Enoch 45:3 / Matthew 16:27
- 1 Enoch 46:1 / Revelation 1:13
- 1 Enoch 46:1 / Acts 6:15
- 1 Enoch 46:2 / Colossians 2:3
- 1 Enoch 47:3 / Revelation 20:12
- 1 Enoch 47:3 / Luke 10:20
- 1 Enoch 47:4 / Revelation 6:11
- 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 4:14
- 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 7:38
- 1 Enoch 48:4 / Luke 2:32
- 1 Enoch 48:6 / 1 Peter 1:20
- 1 Enoch 48:6 / Ephesians 1:8
- 1 Enoch 48:7 / Acts 4:12
- 1 Enoch 48:7 / 1 John 2:15
- 1 Enoch 48:7 / James 4:4
- 1 Enoch 48:9 / Matthew 18:6
- 1 Enoch 48:10 / Jude 1:4
- 1 Enoch 49:3 / Mark 1:7
- 1 Enoch 50:2 / Romans 2:5
- 1 Enoch 51:1 / Revelation 20:13
- 1 Enoch 51:2 / Luke 21:28
- 1 Enoch 54:5 / Matthew 25:41
- 1 Enoch 54:6 / Matthew 13:41
- 1 Enoch 58:4 / Matthew 6:33
- 1 Enoch 58:5 / Colossians 1:12
- 1 Enoch 60:7 / Jude 1:14
- 1 Enoch 61:2 / Revelation 21:15
- 1 Enoch 61:5 / Revelation 20:13
- 1 Enoch 61:5 / 2 Corinthians 1:14
- 1 Enoch 61:5 / 1 Corinthians 1:8
- 1 Enoch 61:5 / Philippians 1:6
- 1 Enoch 61:10 / 2 Thessalonians 1:7
- 1 Enoch 61:10 / Romans 8:38
- 1 Enoch 61:10 / Ephesians 1:21
- 1 Enoch 61:10 / Colossians 1:16
- 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 1:16
- 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 19:15
- 1 Enoch 62:2 / 2 Thessalonians 2:8
- 1 Enoch 62:2 / Matthew 25:31
- 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 2:16
- 1 Enoch 62:3 / Revelation 6:15
- 1 Enoch 62:4 / 1 Thessalonians 5:3
- 1 Enoch 62:5 / Matthew 19:28
- 1 Enoch 62:8 / 1 Corinthians 15:42
- 1 Enoch 62:14 / Revelation 3:20
- 1 Enoch 63:3 / 1 Corinthians 2:10
- 1 Enoch 63:6 / Jude 1:13
- 1 Enoch 63:10 / Luke 16:9
- 1 Enoch 66:2 / Revelation 16:5
- 1 Enoch 69:11 / Matthew 22:30
- 1 Enoch 69:27 / Matthew 25:31
- 1 Enoch 69:27 / John 5:22
- 1 Enoch 69:27 / 1 Peter 4:5
- 1 Enoch 71:5 / Acts 2:3
- 1 Enoch 71:5 / Revelation 21:10
- 1 Enoch 75:3 / 1 Peter 3:22
- 1 Enoch 76:1 / Revelation 7:1
- 1 Enoch 84:1 / 1 Timothy 2:8
- 1 Enoch 86:1 / Revelation 8:10
- 1 Enoch 86:3 / Revelation 6:13
- 1 Enoch 90:6 / Revelation 5:6
- 1 Enoch 90:20 / Revelation 5:1
- 1 Enoch 90:25 / Revelation 20:14
- 1 Enoch 90:28 / Revelation 21:1
- 1 Enoch 92:3 / Ephesians 5:14
- 1 Enoch 92:4 / 1 John 1:7
- 1 Enoch 93:8 / Matthew 24:10
- 1 Enoch 94:7 / Luke 6:24
- 1 Enoch 94:8 / James 5:1
- 1 Enoch 95:1 / Philippians 3:18
- 1 Enoch 96:4 / Revelation 3:17
- 1 Enoch 96:5 / Philippians 3:19
- 1 Enoch 96:6 / Luke 12:20
- 1 Enoch 97:8 / James 4:13
- 1 Enoch 97:8 / Luke 12:16
- 1 Enoch 98:4 / James 1:14
- 1 Enoch 98:16 / Luke 12:20
- 1 Enoch 99:3 / Acts 10:4
- 1 Enoch 99:4 / Mark 13:8
- 1 Enoch 99:8 / 2 Thessalonians 2:11
- 1 Enoch 100:3 / Revelation 14:20
- 1 Enoch 100:5 / Matthew 18:10
- 1 Enoch 102:1 / Revelation 6:15
- 1 Enoch 103:2 / Luke 10:20
- 1 Enoch 103:2 / 1 Corinthians 2:1
- 1 Enoch 104:1 / Matthew 18:10
- 1 Enoch 104:2 / Philippians 2:15
- 1 Enoch 104:2 / Matthew 13:43
- 1 Enoch 104:9 / Revelation 22:18
- 1 Enoch 106:20 / Matthew 24:12
- 1 Enoch 107:2 / Matthew 1:21
- 1 Enoch 108:3 / 1 Peter 1:23
- 1 Enoch 108:5 / Matthew 13:12
- 1 Enoch 108:8 / 1 John 2:15
- 1 Enoch 108:8 / 1 Peter 1:7
- 1 Enoch 108:8 / 1 Peter 1:18
- 1 Enoch 108:9 / James 4:14
- 1 Enoch 108:10 / Revelation 12:11
- 1 Enoch 108:12 / Matthew 19:28
- 1 Enoch 108:12 / Revelation 4:4
- 1 Enoch 108:12 / Revelation 3:21
- 1 Enoch 108:12 / Matthew 13:43
- 1 Enoch 108:12 / 1 Peter 5:4
- 1 Enoch 108:15 / Luke 16:23
- 2 Enoch
- 2 Enoch 7:1 / 1 Peter 3:19
- 2 Enoch 8:1 / 2 Corinthians 12:2
- 2 Enoch 9:1 / Matthew 25:34
- 2 Enoch 9:1 / Genesis 2:8 / Matthew 25:34 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:8
- 2 Enoch 20:1 / Colossians 1:16
- 2 Enoch 20:1 / Ephesians 1:21
- 2 Enoch 29:4 / Luke 10:18
- 2 Enoch 30:15 / Matthew 7:13
- 2 Enoch 42:1 / Matthew 16:18
- 2 Enoch 44:3 / Matthew 7:2
- 2 Enoch 49:3 / Matthew 5:34
- 2 Enoch 50:4 / Matthew 5:39
- 2 Enoch 51:4 / Matthew 6:4
- 2 Enoch 52:11 / Matthew 5:9
- 2 Enoch 61:1 / Matthew 7:12
- Jubilees
- Jubilees 1:29 / Galatians 3:19
- Jubilees 1:29 / Acts 7:53
- Jubilees 2:2 / Hebrews 2:2
- Jubilees 5:6 / 1 Peter 3:19
- Jubilees 7:20 / Acts 15:20
- Jubilees 8:1 / Genesis 11:12 / LXX Genesis 11:12 / Luke 3:36
- Jubilees 10:3 / 2 Thessalonians 2:3
- Jubilees 12:20 / Matthew 6:9
- Jubilees 12:28 / Acts 7:4
- Jubilees 14:6 / Genesis 15:6 / Romans 4:3
- Jubilees 22:9 / Acts 2:4
- Jubilees 22:16 / Galatians 2:12
- Jubilees 23:8 / Hebrews 11:9
- Jubilees 23:14 / Matthew 12:39
- Jubilees 23:14 / Matthew 24:10
- Jubilees 23:30 / Philippians 4:4
- Jubilees 30:19 / Luke 10:20
- Jubilees 47:2 / Acts 7:19
- Jubilees 49:15 / 1 Corinthians 11:27
- Psalms of Solomon
- Psalms of Solomon 1:5 / Matthew 11:23
- Psalms of Solomon 3:8 / Acts 11:14
- Psalms of Solomon 4:3 / John 8:7
- Psalms of Solomon 5:3 / Mark 3:27
- Psalms of Solomon 5:9 / Matthew 6:26
- Psalms of Solomon 7:9 / Matthew 11:30
- Psalms of Solomon 8:14 / 2 Thessalonians 2:11
- Psalms of Solomon 8:15 / Romans 15:28
- Psalms of Solomon 8:28 / 1 Peter 1:1
- Psalms of Solomon 9:5 / Romans 2:5
- Psalms of Solomon 9:5 / Acts 16:31
- Psalms of Solomon 11:2 / Matthew 8:11
- Psalms of Solomon 14:3 / Revelation 22:2
- Psalms of Solomon 14:4 / Matthew 15:13
- Psalms of Solomon 14:4 / Ephesians 3:17
- Psalms of Solomon 14:8 / Matthew 6:8
- Psalms of Solomon 15:4 / Luke 21:26
- Psalms of Solomon 17:21 / Matthew 12:23
- Psalms of Solomon 17:22 / Revelation 11:1
- Psalms of Solomon 17:24 / Revelation 19:14
- Psalms of Solomon 17:26 / Matthew 19:28
- Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Matthew 21:12
- Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Mark 11:15
- Psalms of Solomon 17:36 / Hebrews 4:15
- Psalms of Solomon 17:37 / Mark 1:7
- Psalms of Solomon 17:40 / Matthew 18:12
- Psalms of Solomon 17:43 / Revelation 3:18
- 2 Baruch
- 2 Baruch 2:3 / Wisdom of Solomon 9:8 / Hebrews 8:5
- 2 Baruch 4:5 / Hebrews 9:11
- 2 Baruch 10:13 / Matthew 24:19
- 2 Baruch 10:18 / Matthew 16:19
- 2 Baruch 14:8 / Romans 11:33
- 2 Baruch 15:8 / Romans 8:18
- 2 Baruch 20:1 / Mark 13:20
- 2 Baruch 21:13 / 1 Corinthians 15:19
- 2 Baruch 22:2 / Matthew 17:5
- 2 Baruch 23:4 / Romans 5:12
- 2 Baruch 27:7 / Mark 13:8
- 2 Baruch 29:3 / Revelation 13:1
- 2 Baruch 29:5 / Mark 14:25
- 2 Baruch 30:2 / Revelation 20:13
- 2 Baruch 42:8 / Revelation 20:13
- 2 Baruch 48:8 / Romans 4:17
- 2 Baruch 48:19 / Matthew 18:10
- 2 Baruch 48:19 / Matthew 10:42
- 2 Baruch 48:19 / Matthew 18:10
- 2 Baruch 48:34 / Matthew 24:6
- 2 Baruch 48:39 / Revelation 2:23
- 2 Baruch 48:40 / Romans 2:15
- 2 Baruch 50:2 / Revelation 20:13
- 2 Baruch 50:2 / Revelation 20:13
- 2 Baruch 51:3 / Philippians 3:21
- 2 Baruch 51:3 / Romans 8:17
- 2 Baruch 51:3 / Matthew 17:2
- 2 Baruch 51:10 / 1 Corinthians 15:51
- 2 Baruch 51:15 / Matthew 16:26
- 2 Baruch 57:2 / Romans 2:15
- 2 Baruch 54:15 / Romans 5:12
- 2 Baruch 54:19 / Romans 5:12
- 2 Baruch 59:2 / John 1:5
- 2 Baruch 63:7 / Matthew 26:53
- 2 Baruch 85:13 / Matthew 7:13
- 4 Ezra
- 4 Ezra 1:24 / Matthew 21:43
- 4 Ezra 3:21 / Romans 5:12
- 4 Ezra 4:30 / Romans 5:12
- 4 Ezra 4:32 / Matthew 9:37
- 4 Ezra 4:35 / Romans 11:25
- 4 Ezra 4:35 / Revelation 6:9
- 4 Ezra 4:41 / Revelation 20:13
- 4 Ezra 5:2 / Matthew 24:10
- 4 Ezra 6:5 / Matthew 6:20
- 4 Ezra 6:18 / Matthew 24:3
- 4 Ezra 6:25 / Matthew 10:22
- 4 Ezra 6:26 / Matthew 16:28
- 4 Ezra 6:38 / John 1:2
- 4 Ezra 6:58 / Matthew 2:15
- 4 Ezra 7:5 / Matthew 7:13
- 4 Ezra 7:11 / Romans 8:20
- 4 Ezra 7:21 / Romans 1:23
- 4 Ezra 7:32 / Revelation 20:13
- 4 Ezra 7:36 / Luke 16:26
- 4 Ezra 7:36 / Luke 16:23
- 4 Ezra 7:42 / Romans 9:23
- 4 Ezra 7:118 / Romans 5:12
- 4 Ezra 7:77 / Matthew 6:20
- 4 Ezra 8:3 / Matthew 22:14
- 4 Ezra 8:41 / Matthew 13:3
- 4 Ezra 8:53 / Revelation 20:14
- 4 Ezra 8:59 / 2 Peter 3:9
- 4 Ezra 10:7 / Galatians 4:26
- 4 Ezra 12:11 / Revelation 13:1
- 4 Ezra 12:42 / 2 Peter 1:19
- 4 Ezra 13:31 / Matthew 24:7
- 4 Ezra 15:15 / Matthew 24:10
- 4 Ezra 15:36 / Revelation 14:20
- 4 Ezra 7:109 / James 5:17
- 4 Ezra 7:125 / Matthew 13:43
- 3 Maccabees
- 3 Maccabees 2:5 / Jude 1:7
- 3 Maccabees 2:22 / Matthew 11:7
- 3 Maccabees 2:29 / Galatians 6:17
- 3 Maccabees 5:35 / Revelation 17:14
- 3 Maccabees 5:51 / Matthew 16:18
- 4 Maccabees
- 4 Maccabees 5:20 / James 2:10
- 4 Maccabees 7:15 / Hebrews 12:23
- 4 Maccabees 7:19 / Matthew 22:32
- 4 Maccabees 9:8 / James 1:3
- 4 Maccabees 13:13 / Matthew 10:28
- 4 Maccabees 13:16 / Ephesians 6:11
- 4 Maccabees 17:5 / Matthew 13:43
- 4 Maccabees 17:14 / Hebrews 12:1
- 4 Maccabees 17:22 / Romans 3:25
- 4 Maccabees 18:24 / Galatians 1:5
- Ascension of Isaiah
- Ascension of Isaiah 4:2 / 2 Thessalonians 2:3
- Ascension of Isaiah 5:11 / Hebrews 11:37
- Life of Adam and Eve
- Life of Adam and Eve 2 / 2 Corinthians 11:14
- Life of Adam and Eve 31:4 / James 4:5
- Life of Adam and Eve 36:4 / 2 Corinthians 12:2
- Life of Adam and Eve 49.3 / 2 Peter 3:7
- Testament of Moses
- Testament of Moses 3 / Acts 7:36
- Testament of Moses 5 / Romans 1:25
- Testament of Moses 1:14 / Revelation 21:1
- Testament of Moses 10 / Mark 3:26
- Apocalypse of Abraham
- Apocalypse of Abraham 11:2 / Revelation 1:13
- Apocalypse of Abraham 13:12 / Matthew 22:12
- Apocalypse of Abraham 17:10 / Hebrews 7:3
- Apocalypse of Abraham 21:7 / Revelation 7:9
- Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 / Matthew 24:31
- Apocalypse of Zephaniah
- Apocalypse of Zephaniah 1:6 / Revelation 22:5
- Apocalypse of Zephaniah 2:2 / Matthew 24:40
- Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11 / Revelation 1:13
- Joseph and Aseneth
- Joseph and Aseneth 15:3 / Luke 10:20
- Testament of Job
- Testament of Job 5:16 / 2 Corinthians 11:14
- Testament of Abraham
- Testament of Abraham 11:3 / Matthew 7:13
- Testament of Solomon
- Testament of Solomon 29 / Revelation 9:8
- Testament of Solomon 53 / Revelation 9:8
- Testament of Solomon 21 / Matthew 12:24
- Testament of Solomon 15 / Matthew 10:25
- Testament of Solomon 114 / Luke 10:18
- Testament of Solomon 29 / Revelation 13:18
- Testament of Solomon 114 / Romans 8:38
- Testament of Solomon 26 / Matthew 9:34
- Sibylline Oracles
- Sibylline Oracles 1:158 / 2 Peter 2:5
- Testament of Reuben
- Testament of Reuben 5:5 / 1 Corinthians 6:18
- Testament of Levi
- Testament of Levi 2 / 2 Corinthians 12:2
- Testament of Levi 6:11 / 1 Thessalonians 2:16
- Testament of Levi 13:6 / Galatians 6:7
- Testament of Levi 18:9 / Hebrews 9:26
- Testament of Levi 18:12 / Luke 10:19
- Testament of Judah
- Testament of Judah 18 / 1 Timothy 6:10
- Testament of Judah 19 / 1 Timothy 6:10
- Testament of Judah 19:1 / Colossians 3:5
- Testament of Judah 25:1 / Matthew 22:32
- Testament of Judah 25:4 / Matthew 5:10
- Testament of Zebulun
- Testament of Zebulun 5:3 / Matthew 7:2
- Testament of Zebulun 5:11 / James 2:13
- Testament of Dan
- Testament of Dan 6:2 / 1 Timothy 2:5
- Testament of Dan 6:2 / Galatians 3:19
- Testament of Naphtali
- Testament of Naphtali 2:10 / John 3:19
- Testament of Naphtali 3:1 / Ephesians 5:6
- Testament of Naphtali 3:2 / Jude 1:13
- Testament of Naphtali 8:4 / 1 Peter 2:12
- Testament of Naphtali 8:4 / James 4:7
- Testament of Gad
- Testament of Gad 6:6 / Romans 12:17
- Testament of Gad 5:7 / 2 Corinthians 7:10
- Testament of Gad 6:7 / Matthew 18:35
- Testament of Benjamin
- Testament of Benjamin 4:3 / Romans 12:19
- 3 Baruch
- 3 Baruch 12 / Revelation 8:3
- 3 Baruch 7:2 / 2 Corinthians 12:2
- 3 Baruch 11:1 / 2 Corinthians 12:2
- Letter of Aristeas
- Letter of Aristeas 1:207 / Matthew 7:12
- Protoevangelium of James
- Protoevangelium of James 14 / Deuteronomy 22: / Matthew 1:19
The Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament
Texts devoid of an historical context have little meaning or, worse, can mean whatever someone wants them to mean. Texts reveal their author's meaning (or range of meanings) when we understand their original contexts. The context of the writings in the New Testament is the world of Early Judaism; that is so because Jews composed almost all the writings collected into the New Testament. To perceive what Jesus may have meant, according to Paul or the authors of the gospels, requires studying what he reputedly said and did within his context; that is, within the world of Early Judaism.
If we seek to understand the origins of Christianity, then we must recreate for perception and understanding the Jewish world of Jews who lived before the burning of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. and especially within ancient Palestine. How do we do that? And, how do the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha help us in recreating first-century Judaism?
Along with other experts I am convinced that a definition of "Pseudepigrapha" is not possible; one can only describe its contours. Thus, I would define the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha as ancient documents composed by Jews (and sometimes by Christians or expanded by them) that date from approximately 250 B.C.E. to about 200 C.E. While the provenience of most of the works in the Pseudepigrapha is uncertain, many were certainly composed in ancient Palestine ... Since the New Testament evolves out of this ethos and world, and since its works were written almost always by Jews, the origins of Christianity lie deeply planted within Judaism.