"... Matthew’s direct allusion to the trumpet of Isaiah 27 emphatically drives home the point that Jesus is prophesying a final regathering of the people of Israel who have previously been in exile, and the final restoration of right worship in Jerusalem. In this restored Israel, also, “when the Son of Man is seated on the throne of his glory,” the twelve disciples who have followed Jesus “will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel” (Matt 19:28). This is an image not of condemnation but of restoration: the twelve are the symbolic heads of the restored Israel, and “restoration includes judgment.” For a clear Jewish analogue, we may compare the messianic vision set forth in the Psalms of Solomon ... According to Matthew 19:28, this function of messianic judgment is to be delegated to the twelve rather than exercised solely by the Messiah himself; but in both of these examples the gathering and restoration of Israel are in view. Indeed, the role of “judging” probably refers not to the final determination of individuals’ eschatological fate but to a role more closely related to governing, like the role of the ancient judges of Israel described in the book of Judges ..."