Comparing Groups
New Testament
Pseudepigrapha
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Reverse ComparisonMatthew
Matthew 1:19
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Deuteronomy 22:
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Protoevangelium of James 14
Matthew 1:21
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1 Enoch 107:2
Matthew 2:15
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4 Ezra 6:58
Matthew 5:5
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1 Enoch 5:7
Matthew 5:9
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2 Enoch 52:11
Matthew 5:10
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Testament of Judah 25:4
Matthew 5:34
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2 Enoch 49:3
Matthew 5:39
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2 Enoch 50:4
Matthew 5:43
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Leviticus 19:18
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Letter of Aristeas
Matthew 6:4
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2 Enoch 51:4
Matthew 6:8
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Psalms of Solomon 14:8
Matthew 6:9
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Jubilees 12:20
Matthew 6:20
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4 Ezra 6:5
Matthew 6:20
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4 Ezra 7:77
Matthew 6:23
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Testament of Dan 2:4
Matthew 6:26
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Psalms of Solomon 5:9
Matthew 6:33
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1 Enoch 58:4
Matthew 7:2
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2 Enoch 44:3
Matthew 7:2
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Testament of Zebulun 5:3
Matthew 7:12
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2 Enoch 61:1
Matthew 7:12
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Letter of Aristeas 1:207
Matthew 7:13
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4 Ezra 7:5
Matthew 7:13
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Testament of Abraham 11:3
Matthew 7:13
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2 Enoch 30:15
Matthew 7:13
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2 Baruch 85:13
Matthew 8:11
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Psalms of Solomon 11:2
Matthew 9:34
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Testament of Solomon 26
Matthew 9:37
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4 Ezra 4:32
Matthew 10:22
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4 Ezra 6:25
Matthew 10:25
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Testament of Solomon 15
Matthew 10:28
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4 Maccabees 13:13
Matthew 10:42
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2 Baruch 48:19
Matthew 11:7
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3 Maccabees 2:22
Matthew 11:23
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Psalms of Solomon 1:5
Matthew 11:30
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Psalms of Solomon 7:9
Matthew 12:23
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Psalms of Solomon 17:21
Matthew 12:24
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Testament of Solomon 21
Matthew 12:39
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Jubilees 23:14
Matthew 13:3
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4 Ezra 8:41
Matthew 13:12
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1 Enoch 108:5
Matthew 13:41
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1 Enoch 54:6
Matthew 13:43
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4 Ezra 7:125
Matthew 13:43
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4 Maccabees 17:5
Matthew 13:43
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1 Enoch 104:2
Matthew 13:43
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1 Enoch 108:12
Matthew 15:13
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Psalms of Solomon 14:4
Matthew 16:18
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3 Maccabees 5:51
Matthew 16:18
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2 Enoch 42:1
Matthew 16:19
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2 Baruch 10:17
Matthew 16:26
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2 Baruch 51:15
Matthew 16:27
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1 Enoch 45:3
Matthew 16:28
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4 Ezra 6:26
Matthew 17:2
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2 Baruch 51:3
Matthew 17:5
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2 Baruch 22:2
Matthew 18:6
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1 Enoch 48:9
Matthew 18:10
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1 Enoch 100:5
Matthew 18:10
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1 Enoch 104:1
Matthew 18:10
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2 Baruch 48:19
Matthew 18:10
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2 Baruch 48:19
Matthew 18:12
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Psalms of Solomon 17:40
Matthew 18:35
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Testament of Gad 6:7
Matthew 19:28
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Psalms of Solomon 17:26
Matthew 19:28
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1 Enoch 62:5
Matthew 19:28
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1 Enoch 108:12
Matthew 19:29
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1 Enoch 40:9
Matthew 21:12
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Psalms of Solomon 17:30
Matthew 21:43
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4 Ezra 1:24
Matthew 22:12
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Apocalypse of Abraham 13:12
Matthew 22:13
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1 Enoch 10:4
Matthew 22:14
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4 Ezra 8:3
Matthew 22:30
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1 Enoch 69:11
Matthew 22:32
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4 Maccabees 7:19
Matthew 22:32
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Testament of Judah 25:1
Matthew 24:3
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4 Ezra 6:18
Matthew 24:6
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2 Baruch 48:34
Matthew 24:7
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4 Ezra 13:31
Matthew 24:10
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4 Ezra 15:15
Matthew 24:10
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4 Ezra 5:2
Matthew 24:10
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1 Enoch 93:8
Matthew 24:10
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Jubilees 23:14
Matthew 24:12
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1 Enoch 106:20
Matthew 24:19
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2 Baruch 10:13
Matthew 24:31
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Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1
Matthew 24:40
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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 2:2
Matthew 25:31
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1 Enoch 62:2
Matthew 25:31
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1 Enoch 69:27
Matthew 25:34
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2 Enoch 9:1
Matthew 25:34
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Genesis 2:8
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2 Enoch 9:1
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Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:8
Matthew 25:41
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1 Enoch 10:13
Matthew 25:41
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1 Enoch 54:5
Matthew 26:24
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1 Enoch 38:2
Matthew 26:53
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2 Baruch 63:7
Mark
Mark 1:7
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Psalms of Solomon 17:37
Mark 1:7
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1 Enoch 49:3
Mark 3:26
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Testament of Moses 10
Mark 3:27
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Psalms of Solomon 5:3
Mark 7:20
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1 Enoch 5:4
Mark 8:38
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1 Enoch 1:9
Mark 11:15
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Psalms of Solomon 17:30
Mark 12:25
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1 Enoch 15:7
Mark 13:8
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2 Baruch 27:7
Mark 13:8
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1 Enoch 99:4
Mark 13:20
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2 Baruch 20:1
Mark 14:25
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2 Baruch 29:5
Luke
Luke 2:32
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1 Enoch 48:4
Luke 3:36
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Genesis 11:12
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LXX Genesis 11:12
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Jubilees 8:1
Luke 6:24
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1 Enoch 94:7
Luke 8:31
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1 Enoch 10:13
Luke 9:29
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1 Enoch 39:16
Luke 10:18
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2 Enoch 29:4
Luke 10:18
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Testament of Solomon 114
Luke 10:19
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Testament of Levi 18:12
Luke 10:20
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1 Enoch 47:3
Luke 10:20
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1 Enoch 103:2
Luke 10:20
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Jubilees 30:19
Luke 10:20
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Joseph and Aseneth 15:3
Luke 12:16
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1 Enoch 97:8
Luke 12:20
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1 Enoch 96:6
Luke 12:20
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1 Enoch 98:16
Luke 16:9
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1 Enoch 63:10
Luke 16:23
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4 Ezra 7:36
Luke 16:23
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1 Enoch 108:15
Luke 16:26
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4 Ezra 7:36
Luke 16:26
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1 Enoch 22:9
Luke 21:26
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Psalms of Solomon 15:4
Luke 21:28
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1 Enoch 51:2
John
John 1:2
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4 Ezra 6:38
John 1:5
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2 Baruch 59:2
John 1:10
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1 Enoch 42:2
John 3:19
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Testament of Naphtali 2:10
John 4:14
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1 Enoch 48:1
John 5:22
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1 Enoch 69:27
John 7:38
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1 Enoch 48:1
John 8:7
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Psalms of Solomon 4:3
John 14:2
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1 Enoch 39:4
John 16:11
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Testament of Judah 20
John 16:28
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1 Enoch 42:2
Acts
Acts 2:4
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Jubilees 22:9
Acts 2:3
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1 Enoch 14:9
Acts 2:3
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1 Enoch 71:5
Acts 4:12
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1 Enoch 48:7
Acts 6:15
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1 Enoch 46:1
Acts 7:4
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Jubilees 12:28
Acts 7:19
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Jubilees 47:2
Acts 7:36
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Testament of Moses 3
Acts 7:52
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1 Enoch 38:2
Acts 7:53
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Jubilees 1:29
Acts 10:4
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1 Enoch 99:3
Acts 11:14
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Psalms of Solomon 3:8
Acts 15:20
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Jubilees 7:20
Acts 16:31
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Psalms of Solomon 9:5
Romans
Romans 1:23
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4 Ezra 7:21
Romans 1:25
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Testament of Moses 5
Romans 2:5
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Psalms of Solomon 9:5
Romans 2:5
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1 Enoch 50:2
Romans 2:15
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2 Baruch 57:2
Romans 2:15
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2 Baruch 48:40
Romans 3:25
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4 Maccabees 17:22
Romans 4:3
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Genesis 15:6
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Jubilees 14:6
Romans 4:17
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2 Baruch 48:8
Romans 5:12
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4 Ezra 3:21
Romans 5:12
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4 Ezra 4:30
Romans 5:12
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4 Ezra 7:118
Romans 5:12
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2 Baruch 54:15
Romans 5:12
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2 Baruch 54:19
Romans 5:12
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2 Baruch 23:4
Romans 8:17
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2 Baruch 51:3
Romans 8:18
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2 Baruch 15:8
Romans 8:19
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1 Enoch 9:2
Romans 8:20
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4 Ezra 7:11
Romans 8:38
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1 Enoch 61:10
Romans 8:38
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Testament of Solomon 114
Romans 9:23
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4 Ezra 7:42
Romans 11:25
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4 Ezra 4:35
Romans 11:33
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2 Baruch 14:8
Romans 12:17
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Testament of Gad 6:6
Romans 12:19
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Testament of Benjamin 4:3
Romans 15:28
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Psalms of Solomon 8:15
1 Corinthians
1 Corinthians 1:8
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1 Enoch 61:5
1 Corinthians 2:10
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1 Enoch 63:3
1 Corinthians 6:3
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1 Enoch 14:3
1 Corinthians 6:18
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Testament of Reuben 5:5
1 Corinthians 10:20
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1 Enoch 19:1
1 Corinthians 11:27
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Jubilees 49:15
1 Corinthians 13:2
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Leviticus 19:18
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Letter of Aristeas
1 Corinthians 15:19
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2 Baruch 21:13
1 Corinthians 15:42
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1 Enoch 62:8
1 Corinthians 15:51
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2 Baruch 51:10
1 Corinthians 2:1
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1 Enoch 103:2
2 Corinthians
2 Corinthians 1:14
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1 Enoch 61:5
2 Corinthians 4:6
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1 Enoch 38:4
2 Corinthians 7:10
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Testament of Gad 5:7
2 Corinthians 11:14
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Life of Adam and Eve 2
2 Corinthians 11:14
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Testament of Job 5:16
2 Corinthians 12:2
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Testament of Levi 2
2 Corinthians 12:2
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2 Enoch 8:1
2 Corinthians 12:2
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3 Baruch 7:2
2 Corinthians 12:2
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3 Baruch 11:1
2 Corinthians 12:2
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Life of Adam and Eve 36:4
2 Corinthians 12:2
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1 Enoch 14:8
2 Corinthians 12:4
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1 Enoch 14:14
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonains
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
Hebrews
Hebrews 2:2
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Jubilees 2:2
Hebrews 4:13
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1 Enoch 9:5
Hebrews 4:15
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Psalms of Solomon 17:36
Hebrews 7:3
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Apocalypse of Abraham 17:10
Hebrews 8:1
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1 Enoch 14:14
Hebrews 8:5
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Wisdom of Solomon 9:8
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2 Baruch 2:3
Hebrews 9:11
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2 Baruch 4:5
Hebrews 9:26
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Testament of Levi 18:9
Hebrews 11:9
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Jubilees 23:8
Hebrews 11:37
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Ascension of Isaiah 5:11
Hebrews 12:1
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4 Maccabees 17:14
Hebrews 12:9
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1 Enoch 39:11
Hebrews 12:23
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4 Maccabees 7:15
James
James 1:3
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4 Maccabees 9:8
James 1:14
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1 Enoch 98:4
James 2:10
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4 Maccabees 5:20
James 2:13
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Testament of Zebulun 5:11
James 4:4
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1 Enoch 48:7
James 4:5
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Life of Adam and Eve 31:4
James 4:7
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Testament of Naphtali 8:4
James 4:13
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1 Enoch 97:8
James 4:14
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1 Enoch 108:9
James 5:1
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1 Enoch 94:8
James 5:17
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4 Ezra 7:109
1 Peter
1 Peter 1:1
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Psalms of Solomon 8:28
1 Peter 1:4
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1 Enoch 11:1
1 Peter 1:7
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1 Enoch 108:8
1 Peter 1:18
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1 Enoch 108:8
1 Peter 1:20
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1 Enoch 48:6
1 Peter 1:23
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1 Enoch 108:3
1 Peter 2:12
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Testament of Naphtali 8:4
1 Peter 3:19
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2 Enoch 7:1
1 Peter 3:19
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1 Enoch 10:4
1 Peter 3:19
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1 Enoch 10:11
1 Peter 3:19
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1 Enoch 14:5
1 Peter 3:19
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1 Enoch 21:10
1 Peter 3:19
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Jubilees 5:6
1 Peter 3:22
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1 Enoch 75:3
1 Peter 4:5
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1 Enoch 69:27
1 Peter 5:4
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1 Enoch 108:12
2 Peter
Jude
Jude 1:4
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1 Enoch 48:10
Jude 1:6
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1 Enoch 10:6
Jude 1:6
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1 Enoch 12:4
Jude 1:6
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1 Enoch 22:11
Jude 1:7
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3 Maccabees 2:5
Jude 1:12
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1 Enoch 2:1
Jude 1:13
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Testament of Naphtali 3:2
Jude 1:13
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1 Enoch 18:15
Jude 1:13
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1 Enoch 21:5
Jude 1:13
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1 Enoch 63:6
Jude 1:14
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1 Enoch 60:7
Jude 1:14
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1 Enoch 1:9
Jude 1:16
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1 Enoch 5:4
Revelation
Revelation 1:4
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1 Enoch 20:2
Revelation 1:13
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Apocalypse of Abraham 11:2
Revelation 1:13
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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 6:11
Revelation 1:13
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1 Enoch 46:1
Revelation 1:16
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1 Enoch 62:2
Revelation 2:7
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1 Enoch 25:3
Revelation 2:16
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1 Enoch 62:2
Revelation 2:23
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2 Baruch 48:39
Revelation 3:17
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1 Enoch 96:4
Revelation 3:18
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Psalms of Solomon 17:43
Revelation 3:20
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1 Enoch 62:14
Revelation 3:21
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1 Enoch 108:12
Revelation 4:2
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1 Enoch 14:18
Revelation 4:4
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1 Enoch 108:12
Revelation 4:11
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1 Enoch 9:4
Revelation 5:1
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1 Enoch 90:20
Revelation 5:5
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4 Ezra 11:37
Revelation 5:6
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1 Enoch 90:6
Revelation 5:11
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1 Enoch 14:20
Revelation 6:9
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4 Ezra 4:35
Revelation 6:9
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1 Enoch 9:10
Revelation 6:11
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1 Enoch 47:4
Revelation 6:13
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1 Enoch 86:3
Revelation 6:15
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1 Enoch 62:3
Revelation 6:15
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1 Enoch 102:1
Revelation 6:15
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1 Enoch 10:2
Revelation 7:1
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1 Enoch 76:1
Revelation 7:9
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Apocalypse of Abraham 21:7
Revelation 8:3
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3 Baruch 12
Revelation 8:8
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1 Enoch 18:13
Revelation 8:8
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1 Enoch 21:3
Revelation 8:10
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1 Enoch 86:1
Revelation 9:8
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Testament of Solomon 29
Revelation 9:8
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Testament of Solomon 53
Revelation 11:1
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Psalms of Solomon 17:22
Revelation 12:11
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1 Enoch 108:10
Revelation 13:1
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2 Baruch 29:3
Revelation 13:1
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4 Ezra 12:11
Revelation 13:18
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Testament of Solomon 29
Revelation 14:20
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4 Ezra 15:36
Revelation 14:20
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1 Enoch 100:3
Revelation 16:5
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1 Enoch 66:2
Revelation 17:4
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1 Enoch 84:2
Revelation 17:9
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1 Enoch 24:3
Revelation 17:14
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3 Maccabees 5:35
Revelation 17:14
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1 Enoch 9:4
Revelation 19:14
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Psalms of Solomon 17:24
Revelation 19:15
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1 Enoch 62:2
Revelation 19:16
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1 Enoch 9:4
Revelation 19:20
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1 Enoch 10:6
Revelation 20:1
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1 Enoch 10:4
Revelation 20:3
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1 Enoch 18:14
Revelation 20:3
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1 Enoch 21:6
Revelation 20:12
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1 Enoch 47:3
Revelation 20:13
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2 Baruch 30:2
Revelation 20:13
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4 Ezra 4:41
Revelation 20:13
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4 Ezra 7:32
Revelation 20:13
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1 Enoch 51:1
Revelation 20:13
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1 Enoch 61:5
Revelation 20:13
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2 Baruch 50:2
Revelation 20:13
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2 Baruch 42:8
Revelation 20:13
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2 Baruch 50:2
Revelation 20:14
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4 Ezra 8:53
Revelation 20:14
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1 Enoch 90:25
Revelation 21:1
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Testament of Moses 1:14
Revelation 21:1
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1 Enoch 90:28
Revelation 21:10
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1 Enoch 71:5
Revelation 21:15
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1 Enoch 61:2
Revelation 22:2
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Psalms of Solomon 14:3
Revelation 22:2
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1 Enoch 25:5
Revelation 22:5
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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 1:6
Revelation 22:18
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1 Enoch 104:9
The Pseudepigrapha and the New Testament
Texts devoid of an historical context have little meaning or, worse, can mean whatever someone wants them to mean. Texts reveal their author's meaning (or range of meanings) when we understand their original contexts. The context of the writings in the New Testament is the world of Early Judaism; that is so because Jews composed almost all the writings collected into the New Testament. To perceive what Jesus may have meant, according to Paul or the authors of the gospels, requires studying what he reputedly said and did within his context; that is, within the world of Early Judaism.
If we seek to understand the origins of Christianity, then we must recreate for perception and understanding the Jewish world of Jews who lived before the burning of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. and especially within ancient Palestine. How do we do that? And, how do the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha help us in recreating first-century Judaism?
Along with other experts I am convinced that a definition of "Pseudepigrapha" is not possible; one can only describe its contours. Thus, I would define the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha as ancient documents composed by Jews (and sometimes by Christians or expanded by them) that date from approximately 250 B.C.E. to about 200 C.E. While the provenience of most of the works in the Pseudepigrapha is uncertain, many were certainly composed in ancient Palestine ... Since the New Testament evolves out of this ethos and world, and since its works were written almost always by Jews, the origins of Christianity lie deeply planted within Judaism.
If we seek to understand the origins of Christianity, then we must recreate for perception and understanding the Jewish world of Jews who lived before the burning of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. and especially within ancient Palestine. How do we do that? And, how do the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha help us in recreating first-century Judaism?
Along with other experts I am convinced that a definition of "Pseudepigrapha" is not possible; one can only describe its contours. Thus, I would define the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha as ancient documents composed by Jews (and sometimes by Christians or expanded by them) that date from approximately 250 B.C.E. to about 200 C.E. While the provenience of most of the works in the Pseudepigrapha is uncertain, many were certainly composed in ancient Palestine ... Since the New Testament evolves out of this ethos and world, and since its works were written almost always by Jews, the origins of Christianity lie deeply planted within Judaism.
Charlesworth, James H. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha & the New Testament (pp. vii-xxiv) Trinity Press International, 1998
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