Texts in Conversation
Jude describes people who deny their only master and lord, a charge that uses language similar to 1 Enoch and its depiction of rulers who similarly deny God and his chosen messiah.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
1 Enoch 48:10
Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
8 In these days, the kings of the earth who own the land will look downcast because of the works of their hands; for on the day of their trouble and affliction, they will not be able to save themselves. 9 And I will hand them over to the hands of my elect: as straw in the fire, they shall burn before the face of the holy; as lead in the water, they shall sink before the face of the righteous, and no trace of them shall be found anymore. 10 On the day of their affliction, there shall be peace on the earth. They shall fall before them and not rise again; and there shall be no one to help them up, for they have denied the Lord of Spirits and His Anointed. Blessed be the name of the Lord of Spirits.
Date: 300 BCE – 100 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
Jude 1:4
New Testament
1 From Jude, a slave of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, wrapped in the love of God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ. 2 May mercy, peace, and love be lavished on you! 3 Dear friends, although I have been eager to write to you about our common salvation, I now feel compelled instead to write to encourage you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints. 4 For certain men have secretly slipped in among you—men who long ago were marked out for the condemnation I am about to describe—ungodly men who have turned the grace of our God into a license for evil and who deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ. 5 Now I desire to remind you (even though you have been fully informed of these facts once for all) that Jesus, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, later destroyed those who did not believe.
Date: 60–80 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... He goes on to argue, the idea of denial of God by conduct is attested also in 1 Enoch (38:2; 41:2; 45:2; 46:7; 48:10; 67:8, 10). 3) v. 4, “[They] deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ,” reflects its parallel in 1 Enoch (48:10), “They denied the Lord of spirits and his Messiah.” The parallel is both in wording and sense if we consider that Jude is charging the false teachers of denying both God the father and Christ. [...] Kelly, (A Commentary on the Epistles, 252) argues for understanding the denial towards both God and Christ (see the discussion above, #2) based on Jude’s acquaintance with 1 Enoch from which he cites this expression. ...”
Bruk Ayele Asale, 1 Enoch as Christian Scripture: A Study in the Reception and Appropriation of 1 Enoch in Jude and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahado Canon (Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2020), 39.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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