Texts in Conversation
The Apocalypse of Moses and 2 Corinthians both describe an ascent to the third heaven, reflecting an ancient cosmology and an apocalyptic tradition in which multiple heavens were layered in the cosmos above the earth.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Apocalypse of Moses 37:5
Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 Now while Seth was saying this to his mother, look, an angel blew the trumpet, and all the angels who had been lying on their faces stood up, and they cried out in a terrifying voice and said: 2 'May the glory of the Lord (be) blessed by all His works, because He has had mercy on Adam the creature made by His hands.' 3 But when the angels had said these words, look, one of the six-winged seraphim came and snatched up Adam and carried him away to the Acherusian lake, and washed him three times, then brought him before God. 4 And he stayed there three hours, lying down, and after that the Father of all, sitting on his throne, reached out his hand, and took Adam and handed him over to the archangel Michael saying: 5 'Lift him up into Paradise to the third Heaven, and leave him there until that great and terrifying day when I will set the world in order.' 6 Then Michael took Adam and left him where God told him. And all the angels sang an angelic hymn, amazed that Adam had been forgiven.
Date: 200–140 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
2 Corinthians 12:2
New Testament
1 It is necessary to go on boasting. Though it is not profitable, I will go on to visions and revelations from the Lord. 2 I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago (whether in the body or out of the body I do not know, God knows) was caught up to the third heaven. 3 And I know that this man (whether in the body or apart from the body I do not know, God knows) 4 was caught up into paradise and heard things too sacred to be put into words, things that a person is not permitted to speak. 5 On behalf of such an individual I will boast, but on my own behalf I will not boast, except about my weaknesses. 6 For even if I wish to boast, I will not be a fool, for I would be telling the truth, but I refrain from this so that no one may regard me beyond what he sees in me or what he hears from me,
Date: 55–57 CE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Presumably Paul was operating in a seven-heaven worldview when he said that in his out-of-the-body experience he was taken to the third heaven, where he heard unrepeatable words (2 Corinthians 12:1-4 NEB) ... What are we to make of this jumble of pre-scientific cosmologies? What are we to make of our own cosmology in light of them? Clearly, we have more physical evidence for ours than the ancients (or the Empera) had for theirs, with images from our giant telescopes and our spaceships. But that physical evidence does not make our cosmology 'true' and theirs 'false,' for ours, too, will seem amateurish, primitive, and amusing to people two thousand years from now ... The pseudepigrapha, from which we get our understanding of the development of the cosmology of the Jews in intertestamental and New Testament times. obviously contain contradictions and inconsistencies, especially of detail. But the detail is not the important part for us. We need to realize that the universe was geocentric, and that by New Testament times people believed it had seven heavens, the topmost one of which was God's dwelling place. Multiple heavens and God's location in the highest one are consistent views throughout the Bible and are part of the ideological framework through which God's nature and God's relationship to us is revealed in the Bible ..."
Jacob A. Loewen, The Bible in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 2000), 52.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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