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Guides

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Texts

Rabbinic

Mishnah Peah 1 / Matthew 5:9 Mishnah Yoma 3 / Matthew 3:6 Mishnah Nedarim 11 / Matthew 5:32 Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 / Romans 9:6 Mishnah Niddah 5.4 / Protoevangelium of James 7 Mishnah Yoma 7 / Luke 4:16 Mishnah Kiddushin 4 / Psalms of Solomon 5:9 Mishnah Kiddushin 4 / Matthew 6:26 Mishnah Peah 1:1 / Matthew 6:20 Mishnah Berakhot 1:2 / Wisdom of Solomon 16:29 Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:4 / Jubilees 6:36 Mishnah Sotah 1:7 / Matthew 7:2 Mishnah Mikvaot 1:8 / Didache 7:1 Mishnah Chagigah 2:1 / Sirach 3:21 Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 / Matthew 10:37 Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 / Mark 3:34 Mishnah Parah 3:7 / 4Q394 Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 / 1 Enoch 9:4 Mishnah Yadayim 4:6 / 4Q394 Mishnah Yadayim 4:7 / 4Q394 Mishnah Sukkah 4:8 / John 7:37 Mishnah Taanit 4:8 / Revelation 19:7 Mishnah Taanit 4:8 / 2 Corinthians 11:2 Mishnah Ketubot 5:5 / Hierocles On Household Management Mishnah Peah 5:6 / Deuteronomy 24:19 Mishnah Ketubot 5:6 / 1 Corinthians 7:9 Mishnah Niddah 5:7 / Protoevangelium of James 8 Mishnah Sanhedrin 6:2 / Romans 6:6 Mishnah Demai 6:11 / Matthew 16:19 Mishnah Yoma 8:9 / Sirach 34:31 Mishnah Yoma 8:9 / Matthew 5:24 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Matthew 10:21 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Matthew 6:9 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Romans 8:11 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Neofiti Exodus 1:19 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Matthew 7:7 Mishnah Sotah 9 / Matthew 10:35 Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1 / Matthew 15:13 Mishnah Kelim 10:1 / John 2:6

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Deuteronomy 30:15 / Matthew 7:13 Exodus 25:8 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Genesis 1:10 / Exodus 7:19 Deuteronomy 15:7 / Isaiah 58:7 Exodus 24:12 / Jubilees 1:1 / Berakhot 5a Exodus 22:5 / Neofiti Exodus 22:4 Deuteronomy 33:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:11 Genesis 2:1 / Onkelos Genesis 2:1 Genesis 2:2 / Pirkei Avot 5:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 2:2 Exodus 34:27 / Onkelos Exodus 34:27 Leviticus 1:15 / LXX Leviticus 1:15 Deuteronomy 24:19 / Mishnah Peah 5:6 2 Samuel 1:21 / Jonathan 2 Samuel 1:21 Genesis 35:22 / Shabbat 55b

Ancient Near East

Enuma Elish VI / Daniel 2:37 Enuma Elish VI / 1 Enoch 9:4 Enuma Elish VI / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7

Septuagint

LXX Ezekiel 2:1 / Acts 26:16

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QH 14 / Matthew 5:16 4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Parah 3:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:6

Deuterocanon

2 Maccabees 14:35 / Matthew 18:20 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Pirkei Avot 3:2 Sirach 13:16 / Bava Kamma 92b Sirach 25:13 / Shabbat 11a Sirach 7:10 / Eruvin 65a Sirach 7:17 / Pirkei Avot 4:4 2 Maccabees 14:35 / Neofiti Exodus 25:8 Sirach 3:21 / Mishnah Chagigah 2:1 Sirach 31:8 / Matthew 6:24 Sirach 14:11 / Eruvin 54a Wisdom of Solomon 4:12 / Galatians 3:1 Tobit 4:9 / Matthew 6:20 Sirach 5:11 / Pirkei Avot 1:15 Wisdom of Solomon 16:29 / Mishnah Berakhot 1:2 Tobit 4:9 / 4 Ezra 6:5 Tobit 4:9 / 1 Enoch 50:2 Wisdom of Solomon 11:16 / Testament of Gad 5:10

Pseudepigrapha

4 Maccabees 5:20 / James 2:10 3 Maccabees 5:35 / Revelation 17:14 1 Enoch 58:3 / Psalms of Solomon 3:12 Jubilees 6:36 / Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:4 Jubilees 30:10 / Pseudo Jonathan Leviticus 18:21 Jubilees 48:14 / Wisdom of Solomon 18:5 / Sotah 11a Protoevangelium of James 7 / Mishnah Niddah 5.4 Protoevangelium of James 8 / Mishnah Niddah 5:7 1 Enoch 9:4 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 1 Enoch 9:4 / Diodorus Siculus Library of History 1.55.7

New Testament

Matthew 16:19 / Mishnah Demai 6:11 Matthew 18:19 / Pirkei Avot 3:2 Luke 4:16 / Mishnah Yoma 7 Matthew 7:1 / Shabbat 127b Matthew 10:37 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Mark 3:34 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Matthew 11:28 / Pirkei Avot 3:5 Matthew 10:21 / Mishnah Sotah 9 2 Thessalonians 3:8 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Matthew 5:5 / Pirkei Avot 5:19 Matthew 5:9 / Pirkei Avot 1:12 Matthew 7:2 / Mishnah Sotah 1:7 2 Corinthians 11:2 / Mishnah Taanit 4:8 1 Corinthians 11:10 / Genesis Rabbah 8:8 Mark 14:36 / Leviticus Rabbah 32:1 1 Corinthians 7:9 / Mishnah Ketubot 5:6 Matthew 7:1 / Sotah 8b Matthew 7:24 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 24 James 5:17 / 4 Ezra 7:109 John 7:23 / Yoma 85b Matthew 6:26 / Mishnah Kiddushin 4 Acts 4:32 / Pirkei Avot 5:13 Matthew 5:32 / Mishnah Nedarim 11 Acts 20:34 / Pirkei Avot 4:5 Matthew 5:17 / Pirkei Avot 4:9 Matthew 5:24 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9 Matthew 5:9 / Mishnah Peah 1 Galatians 3:1 / Pirkei Avot 2:11 Matthew 7:13 / 2 Enoch 30:15 Matthew 6:20 / 4 Ezra 6:5 Matthew 6:20 / Mishnah Peah 1:1 Romans 9:6 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 Romans 6:6 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 6:2 Matthew 7:1 / Pirkei Avot 2:4 Romans 8:11 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Matthew 6:1 / Berakhot 17b James 1:19 / Pirkei Avot 1:15 Matthew 7:1 / Berakhot 55a Matthew 3:6 / Mishnah Yoma 3 James 5:20 / Pirkei Avot 5:18 1 John 3:1 / Pirkei Avot 3:14 Matthew 7:2 / Rosh Hashanah 16b Matthew 7:2 / Megillah 28a John 7:38 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Matthew 7:5 / Sanhedrin 18b Matthew 7:5 / Bava Metzia 107b Matthew 5:47 / Pirkei Avot 1:15 Luke 5:19 / Berakhot 34b Matthew 15:31 / Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 20.15 Matthew 15:13 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1 John 12:28 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 34:5

Early Christian

Didache 7:1 / Mishnah Mikvaot 1:8 Didache 4:8 / Pirkei Avot 3:7

Classical

Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 12:2 / Pirkei Avot 1:1

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Deuteronomy 24:19 / Mishnah Peah 5:6

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Parah 3:7 4Q394 / Mishnah Yadayim 4:6

Deuterocanon

Sirach 13:16 / Bava Kamma 92b Sirach 25:13 / Shabbat 11a Wisdom of Solomon 16:29 / Mishnah Berakhot 1:2 Sirach 3:21 / Mishnah Chagigah 2:1 Sirach 34:31 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9

Pseudepigrapha

Psalms of Solomon 5:9 / Mishnah Kiddushin 4 Jubilees 6:36 / Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 1:4 Protoevangelium of James 7 / Mishnah Niddah 5.4 Protoevangelium of James 8 / Mishnah Niddah 5:7 1 Enoch 9:4 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5

Targum

Neofiti Exodus 1:19 / Mishnah Sotah 9

New Testament

Matthew 5:24 / Mishnah Yoma 8:9 1 Corinthians 7:9 / Mishnah Ketubot 5:6 Romans 9:6 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 10 Romans 6:6 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 6:2 Matthew 3:6 / Mishnah Yoma 3 Matthew 6:9 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Romans 8:11 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Matthew 16:19 / Mishnah Demai 6:11 Matthew 7:5 / Sanhedrin 18b Luke 4:16 / Mishnah Yoma 7 Matthew 10:37 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Mark 3:34 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Matthew 10:21 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Matthew 10:35 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Matthew 7:2 / Mishnah Sotah 1:7 2 Corinthians 11:2 / Mishnah Taanit 4:8 Revelation 19:7 / Mishnah Taanit 4:8 Matthew 7:7 / Mishnah Sotah 9 John 2:6 / Mishnah Kelim 10:1 John 7:37 / Mishnah Sukkah 4:8 Matthew 15:13 / Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1 Matthew 5:32 / Mishnah Nedarim 11 Matthew 6:20 / Mishnah Peah 1:1

Early Christian

Didache 7:1 / Mishnah Mikvaot 1:8

Classical

Hierocles On Household Management / Mishnah Ketubot 5:5

Matching Tags

Gospel and Rabbinic Sayings 89

Glossary Terms

Aggadah Amoraim Baraita Gemara Mishnah Talmud Tanaaim Tosefta Tractate

Articles

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible • May 16, 2026 • 10 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

Reference Library

From the Maccabees to the Mishnah

Cohen, Shaye J. D. • Westminster John Knox Press • 2006

From the Maccabees to the Mishnah

Cohen, Shaye J. D. • Westminster John Knox Press • 2006

Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction

Nickelsburg, George W. E. • Fortress Press • 2005

Master and Parent: Comparative Aspects of a Dual Loyalty, The Mishnah in Contemporary Perspective

Blidstein, Gerald J. • Brill • 2002

The More Torah, the More Life: A Christian Commentary on Mishnah Avot

Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel • Peeters • 2018

The New Testament and the Mishnah: A Cross-Reference Index

Gianotti, Charles R. • Baker Book House • 1986

The Oxford Annotated Mishnah: A New Translation of the Mishnah with Introductions and Notes

Cohen, Shaye J. D. • Oxford University Press • 2022

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