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Hebrew Bible

Exodus 15:3 / Exodus 15:3 / Psalm 24:8 Isaiah 13:21 / Isaiah 13:21 / LXX Isaiah 13:21 2 Samuel 22:16 / 2 Samuel 22:16 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Isaiah 50:2 / Isaiah 50:2 / 1 Enoch 101:7 Isaiah 51:9 / Isaiah 51:9 / LXX Isaiah 51:9 Psalm 91:13 / Psalm 91:13 / LXX Psalm 90:13 Genesis 12:1 / Genesis 12:1 / Ruth 2:11 Isaiah 51:9 / Isaiah 51:9 / Job 26:12 Psalm 74:13 / Psalm 74:13 / Job 26:12 Psalm 74:13 / Isaiah 51:9 / Psalm 74:13 Exodus 15:4 / Exodus 15:4 / Jonah 2:3 Habakkuk 3:15 / Habakkuk 3:15 / Matthew 14:22 Genesis 13:10 / Genesis 13:10 / Genesis 19:24 Genesis 9:11 / Genesis 9:11 / Isaiah 54:9 Genesis 3:22 / Genesis 3:22 / Proverbs 3:18 Isaiah 14:14 / Isaiah 14:14 / Daniel 8:10 Deuteronomy 32:18 / Deuteronomy 32:18 / Jeremiah 2:27 Exodus 15:5 / Exodus 15:5 / Jonah 2:6 Genesis 15:13 / Genesis 15:13 / Exodus 2:22 Jeremiah 25:30 / Jeremiah 25:30 / Revelation 10:3 Isaiah 25:8 / Isaiah 25:8 / Revelation 21:4 Ezekiel 40:2 / Ezekiel 40:2 / Revelation 21:10 Daniel 7:13 / Daniel 7:13 / 1 Thessalonians 4:17 Genesis 1:21 / Genesis 1:21 / Neofiti Genesis 1:21 Daniel 8:10 / Daniel 8:10 / Revelation 12:4 Daniel 7:2 / Daniel 7:2 / 4 Ezra 13:2 Psalm 82:6 / Isaiah 24:21 / Psalm 82:6 Genesis 1:9 / Genesis 1:9 / Exodus 14:21 2 Samuel 5:20 / 2 Samuel 5:20 / Isaiah 28:21 Genesis 6:15 / Genesis 6:15 / 1 Kings 6:2 Ezekiel 2:2 / Ezekiel 2:2 / 1 Enoch 14:24 Proverbs 30:16 / Proverbs 30:16 / LXX Proverbs 30:16 Genesis 6:4 / Genesis 6:4 / Sirach 16:7 Psalm 115:4 / Psalm 115:4 / Psalm 135:15 Amos 5:8 / Amos 5:8 / LXX Amos 5:8 Psalm 82:3 / Psalm 82:3 / Proverbs 31:9 Psalm 82:3 / Isaiah 1:17 / Psalm 82:3 Isaiah 1:17 / Isaiah 1:17 / Proverbs 31:9 Isaiah 24:21 / Isaiah 24:21 / 2 Enoch 7:1 Genesis 11:3 / Genesis 11:3 / Jeremiah 51:25 Genesis 1:3 / Genesis 1:3 / Psalm 33:9 Deuteronomy 25:15 / Deuteronomy 25:15 / Proverbs 11:1 Judges 5:5 / Judges 5:5 / Psalm 68:8 Genesis 6:17 / Genesis 6:17 / Psalm 29:10 Genesis 1:21 / Genesis 1:21 / Psalm 104:26 Isaiah 13:21 / Isaiah 13:21 / Micah 1:8 Jonah 2:3 / Psalm 42:7 / Jonah 2:3 Psalm 2:4 / Psalm 2:4 / Psalm 37:13 Psalm 2:4 / Psalm 2:4 / Psalm 59:8 Psalm 74:14 / Psalm 74:14 / Psalm 104:26 Jeremiah 5:22 / Jeremiah 5:22 / 1 Enoch 5:3 Isaiah 11:4 / Isaiah 11:4 / Jonathan Isaiah 11:4 Leviticus 11:19 / Leviticus 11:19 / LXX Leviticus 11:19 Isaiah 16:12 / Isaiah 16:12 / LXX Isaiah 16:12 Isaiah 45:20 / Isaiah 45:20 / LXX Isaiah 45:20 Isaiah 59:13 / Isaiah 59:13 / LXX Isaiah 59:13 Isaiah 8:14 / Isaiah 8:14 / LXX Isaiah 8:14 Proverbs 26:22 / Hesiod Homerica / Proverbs 26:22 / LXX Proverbs 26:22 Isaiah 34:11 / Isaiah 34:11 / LXX Isaiah 34:11 Exodus 15:3 / Exodus 15:3 / Zechariah 14:3 Deuteronomy 32:9 / Deuteronomy 32:9 / Daniel 12:1 Genesis 2:9 / Genesis 2:9 / 1 Enoch 32:4 Genesis 1:2 / Genesis 1:2 / LXX Genesis 1:2 Genesis 6:4 / Genesis 6:4 / Isaiah 14:12 Genesis 6:2 / Genesis 6:2 / Judges 13:6

Ancient Near East

KTU I.3 / KTU I.3 / Psalm 74:12 KTU I.3 / KTU I.3 / Job 26:12 KTU I.3 / KTU I.3 / Amos 9:6 Enuma Elish I / Enuma Elish I / Daniel 7:2 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:9 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:14 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:10 KTU I.2 / KTU I.2 / Psalm 74:13 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 8:21 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 6:14 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 7:1 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 9:15 Atrahasis / Atrahasis / Genesis 7:1 Atrahasis / Atrahasis / Genesis 6:14 Song of the Hoe / Song of the Hoe / Genesis 1:6 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Ezekiel 14:21 Epic of Gilgamesh VI / Epic of Gilgamesh VI / Psalm 8:1 KAI 26.iii / KAI 26.iii / Daniel 2:37 KAI 26.iii / KAI 26.iii / Ezekiel 26:7 KAI 26.iii / KAI 26.iii / Ezra 7:12 The Baal Cycle / The Baal Cycle / Genesis 10:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Panamuwa Inscription / Judges 1:7 Legend of Keret / Legend of Keret / Psalm 16:7 KAR 58 / KAR 58 / Psalm 24:7 KTU 1.1 / KTU 1.1 / Genesis 4:22 Enki and Ninhursag / Enki and Ninhursag / Isaiah 11:6 Adapa and the South Wind / Adapa and the South Wind / Genesis 3:22 KTU 1.14 / KTU 1.14 / Deuteronomy 33:2 Enuma Elish I / Enuma Elish I / Exodus 32:32 Surpu IV / Surpu IV / Isaiah 35:3 Surpu IV / Surpu IV / Psalm 146:8 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 3:14 KTU 1.23:88 / KTU 1.23:88 / Genesis 6:2 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Genesis 1:21 Code of Hammurabi / Code of Hammurabi / Psalm 19:6 KTU 1.5 / KTU 1.5 / Psalms 74:13

Septuagint

LXX Job 40:15 / LXX Job 40:15 / 2 Peter 2:4 LXX Ezekiel 32:27 / LXX Ezekiel 32:27 / 2 Peter 2:4 LXX Proverbs 30:16 / LXX Proverbs 30:16 / 2 Peter 2:4

Deuterocanon

Sirach 16:7 / Sirach 16:7 / Baruch 3:26 Wisdom of Solomon 14:6 / Baruch 3:26 / Wisdom of Solomon 14:6 Wisdom of Solomon 9:9 / Wisdom of Solomon 9:9 / 2 Enoch 30:10 Sirach 24:3 / 1 Enoch 14:8 / Sirach 24:3

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 2:1 / 1 Enoch 2:1 / Jude 1:12 Testament of Solomon 1 / Testament of Solomon 1 / Gittin 68a 1 Enoch 8:1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 2.10 1 Enoch 19:1 / 1 Enoch 19:1 / Justin Martyr Second Apology 5 1 Enoch 8:1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Commodianus On Christian Discipline 3 Testament of Moses 1:14 / Testament of Moses 1:14 / Revelation 21:1 1 Enoch 8:1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Clement of Alexandria Selections from the Prophets 53:4 1 Enoch 6:2 / 1 Enoch 6:2 / Eusebius Preparation for the Gospel 5.6 1 Enoch 10:6 / 1 Enoch 10:6 / Revelation 19:20 1 Enoch 20:2 / 1 Enoch 20:2 / 2 Peter 2:4 1 Enoch 22:11 / 1 Enoch 22:11 / Jude 1:6 1 Enoch 72:5 / 1 Enoch 72:5 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 6 1 Enoch 6:7 / 1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:1 / 1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:2 / 1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian Apology 22 1 Enoch 6:1 / 1 Enoch 6:1 / Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 1 Enoch 6:2 / 1 Enoch 6:2 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 22:4 1 Enoch 8:1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 22:4 1 Enoch 7:1 / 1 Enoch 7:1 / Lactantius Divine Institutes 2.15 1 Enoch 6:2 / 1 Enoch 6:2 / Lactantius Epitome of the Divine Institutes 27 1 Enoch 10:4 / 1 Enoch 10:4 / Revelation 20:1 1 Enoch 21:10 / 1 Enoch 21:10 / 1 Peter 3:19 1 Enoch 10:4 / 1 Enoch 10:4 / 1 Peter 3:19

New Testament

Matthew 5:13 / Matthew 5:13 / Bekhorot 8b Matthew 24:36 / Matthew 24:36 / Sanhedrin 99a

Classical

Plato Symposium 189c / Plato Symposium 189c / Genesis Rabbah 8:1 Hesiod Theogony / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Hesiod Theogony Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / 1 Enoch 7:1 Hesiod Theogony / 1 Enoch 10:4 / Hesiod Theogony Aeschylus Prometheus Bound / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound / 1 Enoch 10:4 Homer Odyssey 11.576 / Homer Odyssey 11.576 / 1 Enoch 18:12

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Daniel 7:7 / Daniel 7:7 / Revelation 12:3 Psalm 22:12 / Ezekiel 39:18 / Psalm 22:12 Psalm 82:6 / Isaiah 24:21 / Psalm 82:6 Genesis 1:21 / Genesis 1:21 / Psalm 104:26 Psalm 104:26 / Isaiah 27:1 / Psalm 104:26 Jonah 2:1 / Jonah 2:1 / LXX Jonah 2:2 Psalm 91:13 / Psalm 91:13 / LXX Psalm 90:13 Daniel 7:2 / Daniel 7:2 / 4 Ezra 13:2 Psalm 104:26 / Psalm 104:26 / Targum Psalm 104:26 Ezekiel 32:2 / Ezekiel 32:2 / Targum Job 41:2 Job 40:15 / Job 40:15 / 1 Enoch 60:7 Job 41:1 / Job 41:1 / 1 Enoch 60:6 Proverbs 30:16 / Proverbs 30:16 / LXX Proverbs 30:16 Isaiah 13:21 / Isaiah 13:21 / LXX Isaiah 13:21 Psalm 74:13 / Psalm 74:13 / Targum Psalm 74:13 Isaiah 51:9 / Isaiah 51:9 / LXX Isaiah 51:9 Psalm 74:14 / Isaiah 27:1 / Psalm 74:14 Psalm 74:13 / Isaiah 51:9 / Psalm 74:13 Psalm 74:13 / Jeremiah 5:22 / Psalm 74:13 Joshua 11:22 / Joshua 11:22 / 1 Samuel 17:4 Deuteronomy 3:11 / Deuteronomy 3:11 / Joshua 12:5 1 Samuel 17:4 / 1 Samuel 17:4 / LXX 1 Samuel 17:4 Isaiah 6:2 / Isaiah 6:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:2 Isaiah 27:1 / Isaiah 27:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 27:1 Isaiah 51:9 / Isaiah 51:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 51:9 Leviticus 11:19 / Leviticus 11:19 / LXX Leviticus 11:19 Jeremiah 14:6 / Jeremiah 14:6 / LXX Jeremiah 14:6 Isaiah 34:11 / Isaiah 34:11 / LXX Isaiah 34:11 Proverbs 26:22 / Hesiod Homerica / Proverbs 26:22 / LXX Proverbs 26:22 Genesis 6:4 / Genesis 6:4 / Isaiah 14:12 Isaiah 51:9 / Isaiah 51:9 / Psalms 74:13 Habakkuk 3:5 / Habakkuk 3:5 / LXX Habakkuk 3:5

Ancient Near East

KTU I.3 / KTU I.3 / Job 26:12 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:10 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 3:14 Enuma Elish IV / Enuma Elish IV / Genesis 1:21 KTU 1.5 / KTU 1.5 / Psalms 74:13

Septuagint

LXX Job 40:15 / LXX Job 40:15 / 2 Peter 2:4 LXX Proverbs 30:16 / LXX Proverbs 30:16 / 2 Peter 2:4 LXX Ezekiel 32:27 / LXX Ezekiel 32:27 / 2 Peter 2:4

Deuterocanon

Wisdom of Solomon 14:6 / Baruch 3:26 / Wisdom of Solomon 14:6

Pseudepigrapha

2 Baruch 29:3 / 2 Baruch 29:3 / Revelation 13:1 2 Enoch 7:1 / 2 Enoch 7:1 / 1 Peter 3:19 1 Enoch 8:1 / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Legends of the Jews 3 1 Enoch 20:2 / 1 Enoch 20:2 / 2 Peter 2:4 1 Enoch 17:4 / 1 Enoch 17:4 / Revelation 20:14

Targum

Targum Psalm 104:26 / Targum Psalm 104:26 / Leviticus Rabbah 13:3 Targum Psalm 104:26 / Targum Psalm 104:26 / Pesikta D'Rav Kahanna Supp. 2:4

Classical

Callimachus Hymns to Zeus 1 / Callimachus Hymns to Zeus 1 / Titus 1:12 Epimenides Cretica 1 / Epimenides Cretica 1 / Titus 1:12 Hesiod Theogony 729 / 1 Enoch 17:2 / Hesiod Theogony 729 Hesiod Theogony / 1 Enoch 8:1 / Hesiod Theogony Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / 1 Enoch 8:1 Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 106 / 1 Enoch 7:1 Hesiod Theogony / 1 Enoch 10:4 / Hesiod Theogony Aeschylus Prometheus Bound / Aeschylus Prometheus Bound / 1 Enoch 10:4 Plato Apology / Plato Apology / 1 Enoch 15:7 Homer Odyssey 11.576 / Homer Odyssey 11.576 / 1 Enoch 18:12

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Glossary Terms

Akkad Apkallu Axis Mundi Babylon Behemoth Chimera Cosmogony Enki Hittite Leviathan Myth Mythic Mythical Mythological Mythologies Mythology Myths Sumer Tartarus Titan Ugarit Watchers

Articles

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

Exploring Intertextuality with B.J. Oropeza

Impacting Biblical Studies

intertextual.bible • December 12, 2025 • 3 min read

Reference Library

Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel

Cross, Frank Moore • Harvard University Press • 1997

Canaanite Myths and Legends

Gibson, John C. L • T&T Clark • 2004

Daniel 7,2-14: Another Look at its Mythic Pattern

Gardner, Anne E. • Biblica, Vol. 82, No. 2 • 2001

From Gods to God: How the Bible Debunked, Suppressed, or Changed Ancient Myths and Legends

Shinan, Avigdor and Yair Zakovitch • The Jewish Publication Society • 2012

God's Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea: Echoes of a Canaanite Myth in the Old Testament

Day, John • Cambridge University Press • 1985

Greek Myth and the Bible

Louden, Bruce • Routledge • 2018

Moving beyond Symbol and Myth: Understanding the Kingship of God of the Hebrew Bible through Metaphor

Moore, Anne • Peter Lang Publishing • 2009

Myth, History, and Metaphor in the Hebrew Bible

Cho, Paul K. K. • Cambridge University Press • 2018

Paradise Reconsidered in Gnostic Mythmaking: Rethinking Sethianism in Light of the Ophite Evidence

Rasimus, Tuomas • Brill • 2009

Paul's Adam Christology, The Eden Myth And Augustine's Idea Of Original Sin

Ferrier, Jacob William • University of North Carolina Charlotte • 2021

Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary

Garland, David E. • Smyth & Helwys • 2001

Remythologizing Theology: Divine Action, Passion, and Authorship

Vanhoozer, Kevin J. • Cambridge University Press • 2010

Slaying the Dragon: Mythmaking in the Biblical Tradition

Batto, Bernard Frank • Westminster John Knox Press • 1992

Sodomy: A History of a Christian Biblical Myth

Jordan, Mark D. • University of Chicago Press • 2006

Studies in Jewish Myth and Jewish Messianism

Liebes, Yehuda • State University of New York • 1993

The Archaeology of Myth: Papers on Old Testament Tradition

Wyatt, N. • Equinox Pub • 2010

The Archaeology of Myth: Papers on Old Testament Tradition

Wyatt, Nicolas • Equinox Publishing • 2010

The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition

Ballentine, Debra Scoggins • Oxford University Press • 2015

The Lost World of the Flood: Mythology, Theology, and the Deluge Debate

Longman, Tremper, and John H. Walton • IVP Academic • 2018

The Lost World of the Flood: Mythology, Theology, and the Deluge Debate

Longman, Tremper, and John H. Walton • InterVarsity Press • 2018

The Myth of Rebellious Angels: Studies in Second Temple Judaism and New Testament Texts

Stuckenbruck, Loren T. • Mohr Siebeck • 2014

The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel

Thompson, Thomas L. • Basic Books • 1999

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: 1-2 Kings

Brueggemann, Walter • Smyth & Helwys • 2000

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Ezekiel

Odell, Margaret S. • Smyth & Helwys Publishing • 2017

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Hosea-Jonah

Nogalski, James • Smyth & Helwys • 2011

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Jeremiah

Fretheim, Terence E. • Smith & Helwys • 2002

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Mark

Culpepper, R. Alan • Smyth & Helwys • 2007

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Proverbs-Ecclesiastes

Horne, Milton P. • Smyth & Helwys • 2003

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Revelation

Reddish, Mitchell Glenn • Smyth & Helwys • 2001

The Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary: Romans

Talbert, Charles H. • Smyth & Helwys • 2002

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