Sumer

Sumer designates an early cultural region in southern Mesopotamia, active from the late fourth millennium BCE. Sumerian society developed some of the world’s earliest cities, along with writing, law, and complex administration. Its people produced extensive literary, religious, and economic texts preserved on clay tablets. Sumer functioned as a foundational culture whose institutions, myths, and technologies were adopted and adapted by later Mesopotamian societies, including Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian traditions.