Texts in Conversation
Jonah describes his prayer from the belly of a “fish,” a term that ancient readers understood to be a mythological sea monster. The Greek Septuagint translation may have known about this background, as it identifies the creature as a “sea monster.”
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Jonah 2:1
Hebrew Bible
1 Jonah prayed to the Lord his God from the stomach of the fish 2 and said, “I called out to the Lord from my distress, and he answered me; from the belly of Sheol I cried out for help, and you heard my prayer. 3 You threw me into the deep waters, into the middle of the sea; the ocean current engulfed me; all the mighty waves you sent swept over me. 4 I thought I had been banished from your sight and that I would never again see your holy temple. 5 Water engulfed me up to my neck; the deep ocean surrounded me; seaweed was wrapped around my head.
Date: 300–201 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
LXX Jonah 2:2
Septuagint
1 Now the Lord had commanded a great sea monster to swallow up Jonah: and Jonah was in the belly of the sea monster three days and three nights. 2 And Jonah prayed to the Lord his God out of the belly of the sea monster, 3 and said, I cried in my affliction to the Lord my God, and he listened to me, even to my cry out of the belly of hell: you heard my voice. 4 You cast me into the depths of the heart of the sea, and the floods surrounded me: all your billows and your waves have passed upon me.
Date: 100–1 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... Though Jonah refers to the creature as a דָּג (fish) four times (1:17 [2x], 2:1, 2:10), the ancients were acutely aware of the term’s ambiguity ... In Jonah, the ambiguity of the דָּג, coupled with its enormous size, naturally encouraged the ancients to identify it as a type of giant sea monster known as a תַּנִּין “Tannîn.” Thus, the authors of the LXX rendered הַתַּנִּינִ֖ם הַגְּדֹלִ֑ים “the great sea monsters” in Genesis 1:21 similarly: τὰ κήτη τὰ μεγάλα. The term תַּנִּין refers generally to a type of serpentine creature of which Leviathan is one kind. Thus, the word תַּנִּין takes the definite article (Genesis 1:21, Isaiah 27:1, Jeremiah 14:6, 51:34, Ezekiel 29:3, Nehemiah 2:13), whereas לִוְיָתָן never does. Nevertheless, traditions concerning Leviathan are not entirely consistent. Thus, some texts understand the creature as possessing multiple heads, others see it as having one. Sometimes it also is equated with a lion or a sea monster with lionlike features ..."
Scott B. Noegel, “Jonah and Leviathan: Inner-Biblical Allusions and the Problem with Dragons,” Hen 37.2 (2015): 236–260.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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