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Guides

The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Malachi 3:3 / John 2:14 Leviticus 19:17 / Matthew 18:15 Deuteronomy 18:18 / Acts 3:22 Deuteronomy 12:5 / Samaritan Deuteronomy 12:5 Deuteronomy 32:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 32:9 Leviticus 17:4 / LXX Leviticus 17:4 Leviticus 17:4 / Samaritan Leviticus 17:4 Isaiah 19:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 19:18 Ezekiel 28:13 / LXX Ezekiel 28:13 Genesis 14:18 / Hebrews 7:3 Psalm 37:11 / 1 Enoch 5:9 Daniel 4:31 / 4Q242 Leviticus 11:43 / Matthew 23:24 Proverbs 6:23 / John 8:12 Leviticus 16:10 / 1 Enoch 10:4 Ezekiel 37:12 / Matthew 27:52 Genesis 46:27 / LXX Genesis 46:27 Deuteronomy 31:1 / LXX Deuteronomy 31:1 Proverbs 6:23 / Matthew 5:14 Psalm 91:10 / Targum Psalm 91:10 Exodus 22:31 / Matthew 7:6 Amos 3:7 / Revelation 10:7 Ezekiel 48:31 / Revelation 21:12 2 Samuel 7:12 / Acts 2:30 Genesis 49:10 / LXX Genesis 49:10 Proverbs 3:34 / Matthew 11:25 Psalm 1:3 / Matthew 7:18 Isaiah 40:3 / Psalms of Solomon 8:17 Deuteronomy 28:26 / Psalms of Solomon 4:19 Genesis 14:18 / 1Q20 22 Leviticus 10:10 / Malachi 2:7 Jeremiah 9:26 / Acts 7:51 2 Kings 20:7 / Isaiah 38:21 Genesis 3:19 / Samaritan Genesis 3:19 Psalm 37:16 / Luke 16:9 Amos 3:5 / LXX Amos 3:5 Psalm 34:16 / 1 Enoch 45:6 Genesis 1:4 / 1 Enoch 41:8 Deuteronomy 22:4 / Matthew 12:11 Leviticus 9:4 / Samaritan Leviticus 9:4 Isaiah 49:7 / 1 Enoch 62:1 Exodus 28:30 / Sirach 33:3 Deuteronomy 28:26 / Jeremiah 19:7 Genesis 49:8 / Micah 5:8 Micah 6:8 / Zephaniah 2:3 1 Kings 6:3 / Zechariah 5:2 Leviticus 26:40 / Psalm 106:6 Job 38:3 / LXX Job 38:3 Job 40:7 / LXX Job 40:2 Genesis 8:7 / LXX Genesis 8:7 Leviticus 26:34 / 2 Chronicles 36:21 / Daniel 9:2 Psalm 41:13 / Psalm 72:18 / Psalm 89:52 / Psalm 106:48 Leviticus 3:11 / LXX Leviticus 3:11 Jeremiah 10:10 / LXX Jeremiah 10:10 Joshua 24:33 / LXX Joshua 24:33 1 Samuel 2:10 / LXX 1 Samuel 2:10 Numbers 21:18 / 4Q266 / Philo Allegorical Interpretation Isaiah 54:11 / Revelation 21:11 Hosea 4:7 / LXX Hosea 4:7 Exodus 2:2 / LXX Exodus 2:2 Ezekiel 37:4 / Apocalypse of Peter 1:13

Septuagint

LXX Amos 3:5 / Matthew 10:29 LXX Genesis 3:24 / LXX Isaiah 58:13 LXX Deuteronomy 32:43 / Job 38:7

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS 6 / Acts 2:45 1QS 1 / John 12:36 1QH / John 7:38 1QS 1 / Matthew 5:43 1QH / Luke 2:14 4Q184 / Matthew 25:41 1Q20 6 / Luke 2:19 11Q13 2 / 1 Corinthians 15:23 1QS 8 / 1 Corinthians 3:16 4Q180 / Yoma 39a 11Q13 2 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:5 1QS 4:5 / Ephesians 1:3 1QH 14 / Ephesians 1:9 1QH 4 / 2 Corinthians 3:18 1QSa 2 / 1 Corinthians 11:10 1QS 3 / 1 Thessalonians 5:5 1QpHab 7 / Matthew 24:36 1QpHab 7 / Ephesians 3:3 4Q174 / Romans 3:20 1QS 7:2 / Matthew 5:22 1QS 11 / Matthew 10:29 1Q20 1 / 2 Thessalonians 2:7 4Q242 / Nedarim 41a 5Q15 / Revelation 21:21 4Q242 1 / Mark 2:10 4Q242 / Matthew 9:6 1QS 6 / Acts 5:2 1QS 3 / Acts 19:4 1QS 3 / Mark 1:4 4Q266 / 1 Corinthians 10:4 1QS / 2 Corinthians 6:14 1QS / 2 John 1:4 4Q405 / Colossians 2:18

Deuterocanon

Sirach 4:31 / Acts 20:35 Tobit 4:6 / John 3:21 1 Maccabees 4:46 / 1QS 9 Wisdom of Solomon 10:21 / Matthew 21:16 Sirach 34:10 / 4 Ezra 3:33 Sirach 18:1 / Revelation 4:11 Sirach 18:1 / Revelation 1:18 Wisdom of Solomon 18:4 / John 8:12 Sirach 51:26 / Didache 6:2 Wisdom of Solomon 9:8 / 2 Baruch 2:3 / Hebrews 8:5 Wisdom of Solomon 6:17 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.1 Wisdom of Solomon 16:26 / Clement of Alexandria The Instructor 2.1 Wisdom of Solomon 7:29 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 2.13 Wisdom of Solomon 7:22 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 2.13 Wisdom of Solomon 8:7 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 2.13 Sirach 4:10 / John 1:12 Sirach 9:10 / Matthew 9:17

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Levi 18:12 / Luke 10:19 1 Enoch 5:7 / Matthew 5:5 1 Enoch 62:2 / Matthew 25:31 1 Enoch 10:9 / Yoma 67b Apocalypse of Abraham 14:6 / Yoma 67b 1 Enoch 8:1 / Tertullian On the Apparel of Women 2.10 1 Enoch 6:2 / Philo on the Giants 4 1 Enoch 48:4 / Luke 2:32 1 Enoch 10:8 / 4Q180 Testament of Gad 6:6 / Romans 12:17 1 Enoch 39:11 / 1QH 1 Enoch 38:4 / 2 Corinthians 4:6 1 Enoch 48:6 / 1 Peter 1:20 1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1 1 Enoch 7:1 / 4Q201 1 Jubilees 10:3 / 2 Thessalonians 2:3 1 Enoch 7:2 / Tertullian Apology 22 1 Enoch 9:1 / 1QM 9 Testament of Judah 20 / John 16:11 Testament of Judah 24:2 / 2 John 1:4

Targum

Targum Psalm 91:13 / Luke 10:19 Onkelos Exodus 18:21 / Matthew 6:24

New Testament

Matthew 9:13 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan (A) 4 Luke 10:18 / 2 Enoch 29:4 Matthew 5:45 / Taanit 7a Luke 16:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 33:15 Romans 2:15 / 2 Baruch 57:2 James 1:22 / Pirkei Avot 6:7 Matthew 7:6 / Pirkei Avot 6:2 Matthew 24:10 / 4 Ezra 15:15

Classical

Pliny Natural History 30.2 / 2 Timothy 3:8 Philo Every Good Man is Free 85 / Acts 4:32 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 1.10.2 / 1Q20 22

Samaritan

Samaritan Exodus 15:3 / Psalm 24:8

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 66:24 / 1QH 3

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS 4:5 / Ephesians 1:3 4Q266 / 1 Corinthians 10:4 1QS / 2 John 1:4

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 6:7 / 4Q201 1

Glossary Terms

Dead Sea Scroll Pesher Qumran

Articles

Be Wary of Minimalism and Maximalism

Avoiding Extremes When Discovering New and Unusual Texts

intertextual.bible • May 25, 2026 • 11 min read

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible • May 16, 2026 • 10 min read

Biblical Texts Require the Tools of Historiography

What Intertextuality Reveals About How to Read the Bible

intertextual.bible • May 2, 2026 • 11 min read

Intertextuality Rewards Imaginative Reading

Why Creative Engagement with Texts Is Not Eisegesis

intertextual.bible • April 25, 2026 • 9 min read

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible • April 16, 2026 • 12 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

Reference Library

A Feature of Qumrân Angelology and the Angels of I Cor. XI. 10

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. • New Testament Studies • 1957

Angels and Orthodoxy: A Study in Their Development in Syria and Palestine from the Qumran Texts to Ephrem the Syrian

Tuschling, R.M.M. • Mohr Siebeck • 2012

"Body and Sin Romans and Colossians in Light of Qumranic and Rabbinic Texts" in Rey, Jean-Sebastien (ed.) The Dead Sea Scrolls and Pauline Literature

Kister, Menahem • Brill • 2014

Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible, and Qumran: Collected Essays

Tov, Emanuel • Mohr Siebeck • 2008

John, Qumran, and the Dead Sea Scrolls Sixty Years of Discovery and Debate

Charlesworth, James H. • Society of Biblical Literature • 2011

"Qumran and Hellenism" in Collins, John J., and Robert A. Kugler (eds.) Religion in the Dead Sea Scrolls

Hengel, Martin • William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company • 2000

"Revelation's Plague Septets: New Exodus and Exile" in García Martínez, Florentino (ed.) Echoes from the Caves: Qumran and the New Testament

Wold, Benjamin G. • Brill • 2009

Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays

Tov, Emanuel • Brill • 2015

Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays, Volume 3

Tov, Emanuel • Brill • 2015

"The Contribution of the Qumran Scrolls to the Study of Ancient Jewish Liturgy" in Lim, Timothy H., and John J. Collins (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Falk, Daniel K. • Oxford University Press • 2010

The Genesis Apocryphon of Qumran Cave 1 (1Q20): A Commentary

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. • Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico • 2004

"The Holy Angels Are in Their Council": The Exclusion of Deformed Persons from Holy Places in Qumranic and Rabbinic Literature

Shemesh, Aharon • Dead Sea Discoveries, Vol. 4, No. 2 • 1997

The Qumran Beatitudes (4Q525) and the New Testament

Charlesworth, James H. • Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses • 2000

The Qumran Community and the Gospel of John

Bauckham, Richard • Israel Exploration Society • 2000

Understanding Texts in Early Judaism: Studies on Biblical, Qumranic, Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature in Memory of Géza Xeravits

Macatangay, Francis M. • De Gruyter • 2022

Wealth in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Qumran Community

Murphy, Catherine M. • Brill • 2002

Wisdom Texts from Qumran

Harrington, Daniel J. • Routledge • 1996

Women in the Bible, Qumran, and Early Rabbinic Literature: Their Status and Roles

Heger, Paul • Brill • 2014

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