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Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Proverbs 4:8 / Sirach 11:1 Deuteronomy 30:15 / Matthew 7:13 Isaiah 11:3 / LXX Isaiah 11:3 2 Kings 9:13 / Matthew 21:8 Proverbs 11:1 / Amos 8:5 Deuteronomy 33:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:6 Exodus 15:22 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22 Genesis 14:18 / Nedarim 32b Genesis 14:18 / Avot D'Rabbi Natan 2 Genesis 14:18 / 1Q20 22 Psalm 16:7 / Revelation 2:23 Psalm 26:2 / Revelation 2:23 Deuteronomy 5:9 / Deuteronomy 24:16 Isaiah 54:1 / Wisdom of Solomon 3:13 Micah 6:8 / Zephaniah 2:3 Psalm 74:14 / Psalm 104:26 Jeremiah 7:11 / Jonathan Jeremiah 7:11 Deuteronomy 33:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:11 Ecclesiastes 2:2 / Ecclesiastes 8:15 / Shabbat 30b Genesis 3:16 / Onkelos Genesis 3:16 / Eruvin 100b Exodus 1:8 / Onkelos Exodus 1:8 Exodus 8:5 / Onkelos Exodus 8:1 / Sanhedrin 67b Leviticus 3:4 / Onkelos Leviticus 3:4 Exodus 18:11 / Onkelos Exodus 18:11 Exodus 19:19 / Oneklos Exodus 19:19 Exodus 20:23 / Onkelos Exodus 20:20 Exodus 21:20 / Onkelos Exodus 21:20 Exodus 22:28 / Onkelos Exodus 22:27 Exodus 23:19 / Onkelos Exodus 23:19 Exodus 24:11 / Onkelos Exodus 24:11 Exodus 25:22 / Onkelos Exodus 25:22 Exodus 30:23 / Onkelos Exodus 30:23 / Chullin 139b Leviticus 7:26 / Onkelos Leviticus 7:26 Leviticus 8:8 / Onkelos Leviticus 8:8 Exodus 34:27 / Onkelos Exodus 34:27 Exodus 1:8 / Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 1:8 / Sotah 11a Jeremiah 7:11 / 2 Clement 14:1 / Jonathan Jeremiah 7:11 Genesis 5:1 / Sanhedrin 38b Leviticus 10:18 / Onkelos Leviticus 10:18 Leviticus 11:13 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:13 Isaiah 6:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:2 Leviticus 22:22 / LXX Leviticus 22:22 Leviticus 11:43 / Onkelos Leviticus 11:43 Leviticus 20:5 / Onkelos Leviticus 20:5 Amos 7:14 / Jonathan Amos 7:14 Amos 9:1 / Jonathan Amos 9:1 Genesis 18:22 / Onkelos Genesis 18:22 Exodus 2:5 / Sotah 12b Numbers 16:33 / Sanhedrin 110a Psalm 68:18 / Shabbat 88b Genesis 11:29 / Megillah 14a Deuteronomy 3:11 / Berakhot 54b Esther 1:12 / Megillah 12b

Ancient Near East

The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib / Isaiah 36:4

Septuagint

LXX Genesis 2:2 / Megillah 9a

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q242 / Nedarim 41a

Deuterocanon

Sirach 21:22 / Niddah 16b 1 Maccabees 4:54 / Shabbat 21b Sirach 3:21 / Chagigah 13a Sirach 7:17 / Pirkei Avot 4:4 Sirach 3:21 / Genesis Rabbah 8:2 Tobit 4:15 / Shabbat 31a Sirach 6:16 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 3.22 Sirach 6:16 / Ambrose On the Duty of the Clergy 2.7 Wisdom of Solomon 16:21 / Yoma 75a Sirach 24:32 / Bava Batra 12a

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Zebulun 5:11 / James 2:13 Jubilees 7:20 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2 Jubilees 30:19 / Luke 10:20 Letter of Aristeas 1:207 / Matthew 7:12 2 Baruch 48:39 / Revelation 2:23 Jubilees 12:26 / Genesis Rabbah 18:4

Targum

Neofiti Genesis 25:23 / Avodah Zarah 2b

New Testament

Matthew 22:21 / Nedarim 28a Mark 8:35 / Tamid 32a Matthew 13:31 / Ketubot 111b Matthew 7:1 / Shabbat 127b Romans 2:13 / Shabbat 88a Matthew 10:37 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Mark 3:34 / Mishnah Bava Metzia 2:11 Matthew 7:13 / Sifre Deuteronomy 53 Matthew 24:44 / Sanhedrin 97a Matthew 24:36 / Sanhedrin 97b 2 Peter 3:3 / Sanhedrin 97b 2 Corinthians 12:2 / Chagigah 14b Matthew 9:20 / Taanit 23b Matthew 18:20 / Berakhot 6a 1 Corinthians 13:2 / Berakhot 64a Revelation 21:2 / Chagigah 12b 2 Peter 2:5 / Genesis Rabbah 30:7 Luke 16:19 / Jerusalem Chagigah 2.2.6 John 7:52 / Jerusalem Pesachim 5.3 John 7:52 / Sukkah 28a Mark 14:36 / Leviticus Rabbah 32:1 Galatians 4:29 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 21:9 John 18:13 / Pesachim 57a John 3:3 / Yevamot 48b John 3:3 / Yevamot 62a 2 Corinthians 5:17 / Genesis Rabbah 39:11 Matthew 6:34 / Berakhot 9b Matthew 5:17 / Shabbat 116b Luke 11:47 / Lamentations Rabbah 4:13 Matthew 5:21 / Bava Metzia 58b Matthew 6:34 / Sanhedrin 100b 2 Timothy 3:8 / Menachot 85a Matthew 23:15 / Yoma 72b Matthew 6:25 / Sotah 48b Romans 9:6 / Kiddushin 36a Romans 11:11 / Chagigah 5b 2 Peter 3:12 / Sanhedrin 98a Matthew 5:43 / Yoma 23a Matthew 5:43 / Gittin 36b Matthew 5:45 / Taanit 7a Matthew 23:8 / Pirkei Avot 1:10 Matthew 5:9 / Mishnah Peah 1 Matthew 5:48 / Shabbat 133b Romans 13:7 / Gittin 10b Matthew 7:13 / 2 Enoch 30:15 Luke 16:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 33:15 Romans 9:25 / Kiddushin 36a Matthew 7:1 / Pirkei Avot 2:4 James 1:22 / Shabbat 88a Matthew 6:14 / Rosh Hashanah 17a 1 Corinthians 5:6 / Berakhot 17a Romans 6:6 / Berakhot 60a Galatians 5:9 / Berakhot 17a Matthew 19:24 / Bava Metzia 38b Matthew 3:6 / Mishnah Yoma 3 Matthew 23:12 / Nedarim 55a Matthew 5:34 / Nedarim 77b Matthew 7:2 / Rosh Hashanah 16b Matthew 7:2 / Megillah 28a Matthew 7:2 / Sanhedrin 100a John 7:38 / Pirkei Avot 6:1 Matthew 5:30 / Bava Metzia 59a Matthew 22:40 / Pirkei Avot 2:9 Matthew 21:4 / Genesis Rabbah 98:9 Matthew 6:14 / Shabbat 151b Matthew 5:47 / Pirkei Avot 1:15 Matthew 7:16 / Berakhot 48a Matthew 24:36 / Sanhedrin 99a Matthew 5:14 / Bava Batra 4a Matthew 13:45 / Shabbat 119a Matthew 13:47 / Avodah Zarah 3b Luke 5:19 / Berakhot 34b Matthew 15:31 / Mekhilta d'Rabbi Ishmael 20.15 Matthew 5:22 / Taanit 20b Matthew 5:22 / Sanhedrin 100a Matthew 5:34 / 2 Enoch 49:3

Classical

Aesop Fables The Two Pots / Sirach 13:2 Pliny Natural History 30.2 / 2 Timothy 3:8 Diogenes Lives of the Eminent Philosophers 1.33 / Menachot 43b Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 1.10.2 / 1Q20 22 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 8.4.1 / Sotah 9a Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 2.9.3 / Sotah 12a Philo The Special Laws / Sifre Numbers 134:2

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Amos 7:14 / Jonathan Amos 7:14

Deuterocanon

Sirach 13:16 / Bava Kamma 92b Sirach 25:13 / Shabbat 11a Sirach 11:1 / Jerusalem Berakhot 7.2 Sirach 11:1 / Jerusalem Nazir 5.3

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Solomon 1 / Gittin 68a

New Testament

Romans 7:7 / Jerusalem Yoma 6.4 Matthew 6:19 / Jerusalem Peah Luke 16:19 / Jerusalem Chagigah 2.2.6 John 7:52 / Jerusalem Pesachim 5.3 Matthew 24:36 / Sanhedrin 99a Matthew 20:9 / Jerusalem Berakhot 2.8

Matching Tags

Gospel and Rabbinic Sayings 89

Glossary Terms

Aggadah Amoraim Baraita Gemara Mishnah Talmud Talmudic Talmudically Talmuds Tractate

Articles

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible • May 16, 2026 • 10 min read

Intertextuality and Inner-Biblical Exegesis

Two Ways of Thinking About Textual Relationships

intertextual.bible • April 5, 2026 • 7 min read

The Reader and the Author in Intertextuality

Two Types of Intertextuality

intertextual.bible • November 18, 2025 • 5 min read

Reference Library

A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 1: Matthew

Strack, Hermann L., and Paul Billerbeck • Lexham Academic • 2022

A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 2: Mark through Acts

Strack, Hermann L., and Paul Billerbeck • Lexham Press • 2022

A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Midrash, Volume 3: Romans through Revelation

Strack, Hermann L., and Paul Billerbeck • Lexham Press • 2023

Biblical and Talmudic Medicine

Preuss, Julius • Sanhedrin Press • 1911

Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and Talmudic Tradition

Scholem, Gershom G. • Jewish Theological Seminary of America • 1965

Structure and Form in the Babylonian Talmud

Jacobs, Louis • Cambridge University Press • 1991

Talmudic Marital Dramas: Prostitutes, Rabbis, and Repentance

Zion, Noam • Zion Holiday Publications • 2018

The Bible, the Talmud, and the New Testament: Elijah Zvi Soloveitchik’s Commentary to the Gospels

Soloveitchik, Elijah Zvi • University of Pennsylvania Press • 2019

The Origin of the Ashmedai Legend in the Babylonian Talmud

Kaminka, Armand • The Jewish Quarterly Review • 1922

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