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Guides

The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

King Josiah at the Center of Israel's History

Explore how Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings use distinct Deuteronomic language and literary structure that converges on Josiah's reform, suggesting...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

Highlighted Texts

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS 9 / 1 Maccabees 4:46 1QSa 2 / John 2:2 1QSa 2 / Mark 2:22 4Q521 / Luke 7:22

Pseudepigrapha

2 Baruch 29:3 / Revelation 13:1

Targum

Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 / John 8:56 Jonathan Isaiah 9:6 / Isaiah 9:6 Jonathan Isaiah 52:13 / Isaiah 52:13 Jonathan Isaiah 4:2 / Isaiah 4:2 Jonathan Isaiah 16:1 / Isaiah 16:1 Jonathan Isaiah 28:5 / Isaiah 28:5 Jonathan Isaiah 11:1 / Isaiah 11:1 Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 / Isaiah 43:10 Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 / Mark 1:11 Jonathan Isaiah 10:27 / Isaiah 10:27 Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Matthew 2:4 Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Micah 5:1 Targum Psalm 80:16 / Psalm 80:15 Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 3:15 / Genesis 3:15 Neofiti Genesis 49:11 / Revelation 19:13 Neofiti Genesis 3:15 / Genesis 3:15 Neofiti Genesis 49:10 / Genesis 49:10 / Isaiah 63:2

New Testament

Matthew 2:4 / Jonathan Micah 5:1

Rabbinic

Mishnah Sotah 9 / Matthew 10:21 Sanhedrin 98b / Matthew 24:8 Sanhedrin 97b / 2 Peter 3:3 Sanhedrin 97a / Matthew 24:44 Sanhedrin 97b / Matthew 24:36 Sanhedrin 38b / Mark 14:62 Sefer Chasidim 76 / Matthew 24:36

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 35:6 / Acts 3:7 Zechariah 6:12 / John 2:19 Isaiah 52:13 / John 12:32 Zechariah 6:12 / John 2:22 Psalm 41:9 / John 17:12 Psalm 22:22 / John 20:17 Micah 5:2 / Matthew 2:6 2 Samuel 5:2 / Matthew 2:6 Ezekiel 1:1 / Mark 1:10 Isaiah 52:7 / Jonathan Isaiah 52:7 Psalm 80:15 / Targum Psalm 80:16 Isaiah 53:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:10 Isaiah 14:12 / Daniel 8:10 Isaiah 43:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 Isaiah 57:18 / Jonathan Isaiah 57:18 Psalm 2:1 / Acts 4:25 Daniel 12:3 / Matthew 13:43 Psalm 2:9 / Psalms of Solomon 17:24 Psalm 2:9 / Revelation 12:5 Psalm 90:4 / 2 Peter 3:8 Deuteronomy 33:2 / 1 Enoch 1:9 Psalm 8:6 / 1 Peter 3:22 Isaiah 11:3 / LXX Isaiah 11:3 Isaiah 11:2 / Psalms of Solomon 17:37 Genesis 18:12 / Luke 1:18 Isaiah 63:2 / Revelation 19:13 Isaiah 28:16 / Psalm 118:22 Numbers 27:17 / Matthew 9:36 Leviticus 25:10 / Isaiah 61:2 Isaiah 45:1 / 2 Chronicles 36:23 Genesis 49:10 / Isaiah 63:2 / Neofiti Genesis 49:10 Genesis 49:10 / Psalm 2:8 Exodus 19:6 / 1 Peter 2:9 Isaiah 45:23 / Philippians 2:10 Micah 5:1 / Jonathan Micah 5:1 Isaiah 22:22 / Revelation 3:7 Daniel 7:24 / Revelation 17:12 Psalm 118:26 / John 12:13 Psalm 89:37 / John 12:34 2 Samuel 7:12 / Acts 2:30 Proverbs 3:18 / Psalms of Solomon 14:3 Isaiah 11:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 11:1 Genesis 15:5 / Deuteronomy 28:62 Isaiah 43:12 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 Isaiah 52:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 52:13 Isaiah 11:10 / Romans 15:12 Psalm 132:11 / Acts 2:30 1 Samuel 2:8 / 4Q521 Isaiah 49:2 / 4 Ezra 13:26 Psalm 94:12 / Galatians 3:24 Genesis 3:15 / Neofiti Genesis 3:15 Daniel 7:10 / 1 Enoch 40:1 Isaiah 49:7 / 1 Enoch 62:1 Zechariah 12:3 / 1 Enoch 56:7 Daniel 2:35 / 1 Enoch 52:2 Genesis 35:21 / Micah 4:8 Genesis 49:8 / Micah 5:8 Psalm 97:5 / Micah 1:4 Numbers 24:16 / Jude 1:11 Numbers 24:17 / Onkelos Numbers 24:17 Lamentations 4:21 / Targum Lamentations 4:21 Exodus 4:20 / LXX Exodus 4:20 Isaiah 28:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:5 Isaiah 6:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:13 Isaiah 9:6 / Jonathan Isaiah 9:6 Isaiah 53:5 / John 2:19 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:6 Isaiah 4:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 4:2 Isaiah 10:27 / Jonathan Isaiah 10:27 Isaiah 16:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 16:1 Isaiah 43:2 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:2 Zechariah 3:8 / LXX Zechariah 3:8

Septuagint

LXX Song of Songs 1:12 / John 12:1 LXX Psalm 17:50 / Romans 15:9 LXX Isaiah 60:22 / 2 Peter 3:12 LXX Psalms 129:8 / Titus 2:14

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q521 / Luke 7:22 4Q246 1 / Luke 1:31 1QpHab 7 / Matthew 24:36

Deuterocanon

1 Maccabees 4:46 / 1QS 9 Wisdom of Solomon 10:21 / Matthew 21:16 Sirach 18:11 / 2 Peter 3:9 Wisdom of Solomon 18:15 / Revelation 19:15 Sirach 36:6 / Acts 2:3 Sirach 4:10 / John 1:12 Baruch 5:5 / Luke 13:29

Pseudepigrapha

Psalms of Solomon 17:26 / Matthew 19:28 1 Enoch 48:6 / Ephesians 1:8 2 Baruch 29:3 / Revelation 13:1 Psalms of Solomon 17:21 / Matthew 12:23 1 Enoch 25:5 / Revelation 22:2 1 Enoch 48:4 / Luke 2:32 Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Mark 11:15 Psalms of Solomon 17:24 / Revelation 19:14 Psalms of Solomon 17:22 / Revelation 11:1 Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Matthew 21:12 1 Enoch 48:6 / 1 Peter 1:20 1 Enoch 48:1 / John 7:38 1 Enoch 90:6 / Revelation 5:6 Psalms of Solomon 17:36 / Hebrews 4:15 Testament of Levi 18:9 / Hebrews 9:26 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 19:15 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 1:16 1 Enoch 62:2 / Revelation 2:16 1 Enoch 46:2 / Colossians 2:3 1 Enoch 42:2 / John 16:28 Psalms of Solomon 17:43 / Revelation 3:18 1 Enoch 14:20 / 1 Timothy 6:16 Psalms of Solomon 17:40 / Matthew 18:12 Psalms of Solomon 17:24 / 4 Ezra 13:4 2 Baruch 48:34 / Matthew 24:6 4 Ezra 11:37 / Revelation 5:5

Targum

Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Matthew 2:4 Targum Psalms 50:10 / 2 Baruch 29:4 Targum Psalm 104:26 / 2 Baruch 29:4

New Testament

Matthew 10:21 / Mishnah Sotah 9 Mark 1:11 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 Revelation 19:13 / Neofiti Genesis 49:11 Hebrews 9:11 / 2 Baruch 4:5 John 7:52 / Jerusalem Pesachim 5.3 John 7:52 / Sukkah 28a Galatians 1:16 / Chagigah 15a Matthew 24:36 / Sefer Chasidim 76 Mark 12:37 / Romans 1:3 2 Peter 3:12 / Sanhedrin 98a Romans 7:1 / Shabbat 30a Matthew 24:31 / Apocalypse of Abraham 31:1 Romans 6:6 / Berakhot 60a Matthew 23:12 / Bava Metzia 85b Matthew 21:4 / Genesis Rabbah 98:9 Matthew 23:11 / Sifre Deuteronomy 38:4 Matthew 17:2 / 2 Baruch 51:3 Luke 2:26 / Protoevangelium of James 24

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Micah 5:1 / Jonathan Micah 5:1 Psalm 89:37 / John 12:34 Deuteronomy 30:12 / Romans 10:6 Isaiah 45:1 / 2 Chronicles 36:23 Genesis 35:21 / Micah 4:8 Psalm 80:15 / Targum Psalm 80:16 Isaiah 53:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:10 Isaiah 52:13 / Jonathan Isaiah 52:13 Psalm 2:9 / Psalms of Solomon 17:24 Isaiah 52:1 / 1 Enoch 62:16 Isaiah 43:10 / Jonathan Isaiah 43:10 1 Samuel 2:8 / 4Q521 Psalm 2:1 / Acts 4:25 Isaiah 11:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 11:1 Genesis 49:10 / Onkelos Genesis 49:10 Numbers 24:17 / Onkelos Numbers 24:17 Isaiah 28:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 28:5 Isaiah 6:1 / John 12:41 / Jonathan Isaiah 6:1 Isaiah 53:5 / John 2:19 / Jonathan Isaiah 53:6 Isaiah 10:27 / Jonathan Isaiah 10:27 Isaiah 16:1 / Jonathan Isaiah 16:1 Isaiah 28:16 / Romans 9:33

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q521 / Luke 7:22 1QSa 2 / John 2:2

Deuterocanon

1 Maccabees 4:46 / 1QS 9

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 48:10 / Jude 1:4 Psalms of Solomon 17:24 / Revelation 19:14 Psalms of Solomon 17:43 / Revelation 3:18 2 Baruch 29:3 / Revelation 13:1 1 Enoch 61:10 / Colossians 1:16 1 Enoch 61:10 / Ephesians 1:21 1 Enoch 90:6 / Revelation 5:6 1 Enoch 48:6 / Ephesians 1:8 1 Enoch 51:2 / Luke 21:28 1 Enoch 38:2 / Acts 7:52 Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Matthew 21:12 Psalms of Solomon 17:30 / Mark 11:15

Targum

Jonathan Micah 5:1 / Matthew 2:4 Jonathan Isaiah 43:12 / John 8:56

New Testament

2 Peter 3:3 / Sanhedrin 97b Revelation 19:13 / Neofiti Genesis 49:11 Matthew 24:36 / Sefer Chasidim 76 Mark 12:37 / Romans 1:3 Mark 14:62 / Sanhedrin 38b Luke 2:26 / Protoevangelium of James 24

Glossary Terms

Christ Messiah Messiahs

Articles

How Biblical Authors Identified Their Quotations

Citation Formulas in Second Temple Jewish, Christian, and Rabbinic Literature

intertextual.bible • May 16, 2026 • 10 min read

Intertextuality Rewards Imaginative Reading

Why Creative Engagement with Texts Is Not Eisegesis

intertextual.bible • April 25, 2026 • 9 min read

Reference Library

Cyrus the Messiah? The Historical Background to Isaiah 45:1

Fried, Lisbeth S. • The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 95, No. 4 • 2002

"David's Relation to Moses: The Contexts, Contents, and Conditions of the Davidic Promises" in Day, John (ed.) King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar

Knoppers, Gary • Sheffield Academic Press • 2013

Finding Messiah: A Journey into the Jewishness of the Gospel

Rosner, Jennifer M. • InterVarsity Press • 2022

Jerusalem Crucified, Jerusalem Risen: The Resurrected Messiah, the Jewish People, and the Land of Promise

Kinzer, Mark • Wipf and Stock • 2018

Judaisms and Their Messiahs at the Turn of the Christian Era

Nickelsburg, George W. • Cambridge University Press • 1987

Judaisms and Their Messiahs at the Turn of the Christian Era

Goldstein, Jonathan A. • Cambridge University Press • 1987

Judaisms and Their Messiahs at the Turn of the Christian Era

Hecht, Richard D. • Cambridge University Press • 1987

King Josiah of Judah: The Lost Messiah of Israel

Sweeney, Marvin A. • Oxford University Press • 2001

"Messianic Exegesis in the Fourth Gospel" in Reynolds, Benjamin E., editor. Reading the Gospel of John’s Christology as Jewish Messianism: Royal, Prophetic, and Divine Messiahs

McWhirter, Jocelyn • Brill • 2018

Psalm 2 and the Reign of the Messiah

Gunn, George • Shasta Bible College and Graduate School • 2011

Targums, the New Testament, and Biblical Theology of the Messiah

Shepherd, Michael B. • Journal of the Evangelical Society • 2008

The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke

Brown, Raymond E. • Doubleday • 1979

The Messiah Texts: Jewish Legends of Three Thousand Years

Patai, Raphael • Wayne State University Press • 1988

The Messiah and Eschatology in the Psalms of Solomon

Reynolds, Scott • Trinity Western University • 2016

The Messiah: A Comparative Study of the Enochic Son of Man and the Pauline Kyrios

Waddell, James A. • T&T Clark • 2011

The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity

Charlesworth, James H. • Fortress Press • 1992

The Midrash of the Messiah: The Messiah and His Meal in Midrash Ruth Chapters 5, 7, and 8

Santala, Risto • Tummavuoren Kirjapaino Oy, Finland • 2002

The Mystery of God’s Wisdom, the Parousia of a Messiah, and Visions of Heavenly Paradise

Goff, Matthew J. • Fortress Press • 2017

The War in Heaven: Michael and Messiah in Revelation 12

Percer, Leo R. • Baylor University • 1999

"Word of God, Messiah of Israel, Savior of the World" in Gaventa, Beverly Roberts, and Richard B. Hays, ed. Seeking the Identity of Jesus: A Pilgrimage

Thompson, Marianne M. • William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company • 2008

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