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Guides

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

Revelation and Its Literary Siblings

Explore how the book of Revelation shares its visions, angels, beasts, and cosmic judgment with an entire family of Jewish apocalyptic texts written i...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Jonah 2:5 / Psalm 18:4 Exodus 15:3 / Psalm 24:8 Deuteronomy 32:8 / LXX Deuteronomy 32:8 Deuteronomy 32:8 / 4Q37 32:8 Joshua 10:24 / Psalm 110:1 2 Samuel 22:8 / Isaiah 13:13 2 Samuel 22:8 / Job 26:11 2 Samuel 18:18 / Isaiah 57:8 Isaiah 51:9 / Job 26:12 Psalm 74:13 / Job 26:12 Psalm 74:13 / Isaiah 51:9 Genesis 49:24 / Isaiah 49:26 Deuteronomy 32:13 / Amos 4:13 Isaiah 26:14 / Psalm 88:11 Leviticus 19:26 / 1 Samuel 14:32 Isaiah 14:14 / Daniel 8:10 Psalm 104:4 / Hebrews 1:7 Exodus 22:31 / Matthew 7:6 Isaiah 25:8 / Revelation 21:4 Daniel 7:13 / 1 Thessalonians 4:17 Genesis 1:21 / Neofiti Genesis 1:21 Daniel 8:10 / Revelation 12:4 Daniel 12:2 / 2 Maccabees 7:9 Proverbs 3:19 / Psalm 136:5 Psalm 82:6 / Isaiah 24:21 Genesis 1:9 / Exodus 14:21 Deuteronomy 23:18 / Isaiah 23:17 Exodus 32:4 / 1 Kings 12:28 Ezekiel 2:2 / 1 Enoch 14:24 Genesis 1:31 / Exodus 39:43 Genesis 2:2 / Exodus 40:33 Deuteronomy 32:42 / Jeremiah 46:10 Deuteronomy 29:11 / Joshua 9:21 Deuteronomy 18:10 / Isaiah 47:12 Psalm 82:3 / Proverbs 31:9 Psalm 82:3 / Isaiah 1:17 Isaiah 1:17 / Proverbs 31:9 Proverbs 7:4 / Song of Solomon 4:9 Genesis 6:17 / Psalm 29:10 Isaiah 5:14 / Habakkuk 2:5 Exodus 15:21 / Micah 7:19 Deuteronomy 23:18 / Micah 1:7 Isaiah 34:6 / Zephaniah 1:7 Deuteronomy 7:13 / Haggai 1:11 Psalm 104:26 / Isaiah 27:1 Judges 5:4 / Psalm 68:7 Psalm 30:12 / Psalm 108:1 Lamentations 2:11 / Psalm 57:8 Numbers 11:16 / Judges 12:14 1 Kings 22:19 / Job 2:1 Numbers 21:9 / 2 Kings 18:4 Nahum 1:12 / LXX Nahum 1:12 Genesis 1:26 / Psalm 82:1

Ancient Near East

KTU I.3 / Psalm 74:12 KTU I.5 / Isaiah 27:1 KTU I.3 / Isaiah 51:9 KTU I.3 / Psalm 89:10 KTU I.6 / Exodus 24:10 KTU I.2 / Psalm 82:1 Enuma Elish I / Daniel 7:2 Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:9 Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:14 Enuma Elish IV / Daniel 7:10 KTU I.3 / Deuteronomy 33:26 Legend of Keret II / Jeremiah 19:13 The Baal Cycle / Deuteronomy 32:8 KTU I.3 / Isaiah 19:1 KTU I.3 / Psalm 104:3 KTU I.3 / Psalm 68:4 KTU I.3 / 2 Samuel 22:11 KTU I.2 / Psalm 74:13 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 7:1 Epic of Gilgamesh XI / Genesis 9:15 Atrahasis / Genesis 7:1 KTU 1.119 / 2 Kings 3:26 Epic of Gilgamesh VI / Psalm 82:1 Epic of Gilgamesh VII / Psalm 82:1 KUB IV.1 / Psalm 24:10 KAI 26.iii / Psalm 82:1 KAI 26.iii / Daniel 2:37 KAI 26.iii / Ezekiel 26:7 KAI 26.iii / Ezra 7:12 The Baal Cycle / Numbers 11:16 The Baal Cycle / Judges 9:5 Panamuwa Inscription / Numbers 11:16 The Baal Cycle / Genesis 10:5 Legend of Keret / Deuteronomy 10:18 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 30:12 Legend of Keret / Hosea 2:8 KAR 58 / Psalm 24:7 KTU 1.4 / Exodus 24:11 KTU 1.1 / Genesis 4:22 Legend of Keret / Numbers 21:8 KTU 1.19 / 2 Samuel 1:21 KTU 1.19 / Lamentations 2:11 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 18:11 KTU 1.3 / Exodus 15:8 KTU 1.20 / Isaiah 14:9 Emar Saharsubbu / Leviticus 14:3 KTU 1.23:88 / Genesis 6:2 Book of Overthrowing Apophis / Genesis 3:14 Legend of Keret / Genesis 15:2 Legend of Keret / Genesis 18:10 KTU 1.5 / Psalms 74:13 KTU 1.20 / Jeremiah 16:5 The Baal Cycle / Ezekiel 28:13 Enki and Ninhursag / Ezekiel 47:1 KTU 1.114 / Amos 6:7 KTU 1.3 / Daniel 7:9 KTU 1.3 / Ezekiel 28:2 Legend of Keret / 1 Kings 12:28 Legend of Keret / Genesis 49:25 KTU 1.23 / Genesis 49:25 KTU 1.17 / Genesis 49:25 Legend of Keret / Genesis 49:25 The Baal Cycle / Ezekiel 41:4 KTU I.3 / Judges 3:31 KTU 1.6 / Song of Solomon 8:6 KTU 1.2 / Song of Solomon 8:7 Legend of Keret / Habakkuk 3:5 Ninurta's Exploits / Psalms 74:14 KTU 1.2 / Psalm 24:7

New Testament

Matthew 7:6 / Pirkei Avot 6:2

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Deuteronomy 32:42 / Jeremiah 46:10

Ancient Near East

KTU I.3 / Psalm 74:12 KTU I.5 / Isaiah 5:14 KTU I.5 / Isaiah 27:1 KTU I.3 / Isaiah 51:9 KTU I.3 / Psalm 89:10 KTU I.3 / Amos 9:6 KTU I.6 / Exodus 24:10 KTU I.3 / Psalm 104:3 KTU I.2 / Psalm 74:13 KTU I.2 / Psalm 82:1 KTU I.3 / Isaiah 19:1 KTU I.3 / 2 Samuel 22:11 KTU I.3 / Deuteronomy 33:26 The Baal Cycle / Deuteronomy 32:8 KTU I.3 / Psalm 68:4 KTU 1.3 / Proverbs 27:8 KTU 1.119 / 2 Kings 3:26 KTU 1.14 / Psalm 2:7 KTU 1.14 / Psalm 89:26 KTU 1.3 / Job 28:20 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 19:7 The Baal Cycle / Judges 9:5 The Baal Cycle / Genesis 10:5 Legend of Keret / Psalm 16:7 Legend of Keret / Deuteronomy 10:18 Legend of Keret / Isaiah 1:17 Legend of Keret / Psalm 82:3 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 30:12 KTU 1.3 / Proverbs 23:16 KTU 1.4 / Exodus 24:11 KTU 1.18 / Lamentations 2:11 KTU 1.1 / Genesis 4:22 Legend of Keret / Numbers 21:8 KTU 1.19 / 2 Samuel 1:21 KTU 1.19 / Lamentations 2:11 KTU 1.19 / Deuteronomy 10:18 KTU 1.23 / Isaiah 14:13 KTU 1.3 / Psalm 18:11 KTU 1.14 / Deuteronomy 33:2 KTU 1.2 / 2 Kings 1:3 KTU 1.20 / Isaiah 14:9 KTU 1.23:88 / Genesis 6:2 KTU 1.5 / Psalms 74:13 KTU 1.5 / Psalms 104:26 KTU 1.5 / Isaiah 22:12 KTU 1.5 / Jeremiah 16:6 KTU 1.116 / Joel 1:8 KTU 1.116 / Isaiah 22:12 KTU 1.20 / Jeremiah 16:5 KTU 1.114 / Proverbs 9:5 KTU 1.161 / Isaiah 14:9 KTU 1.114 / Amos 6:7 KTU 1.3 / Daniel 7:9 KTU 1.3 / Ezekiel 28:2 Legend of Keret / 1 Kings 12:28 KTU 1.23 / Genesis 49:25 KTU 1.17 / Genesis 49:25 KTU I.3 / Judges 3:31 Legend of Keret / Habakkuk 3:5

Matching Tags

Divine Council 34 Kothar wa-Hasis 5 Rephaim 3

Glossary Terms

Ugarit Ugaritic

Articles

Intertextuality and Parallelomania

How Methodology Helps Navigate Between Too Many and Too Few

intertextual.bible • May 9, 2026 • 9 min read

Reference Library

Death and Afterlife in Ugarit and Israel

Smith, Mark S. and Elizabeth M. Bloch-Smith • Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 108 • 1988

From the Foundations to the Crenellations: Essays on Temple Building in the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible

Van Leeuwen, Raymond C. • Ugarit-Verlag • 2010

Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative

Cooley, Jeffrey L. • Eisenbrauns • 2013

Ras Shamra Parallels: The Texts from Ugarit and the Hebrew Bible

Cooper, Alan • Pontificium Institutum Biblicum • 1981

Ras Shamra Parallels: The Texts from Ugarit and the Hebrew Bible

Rummel, Stan • Pontificium Institutum Biblicum • 1981

Religious Texts from Ugarit

Wyatt, N. • Sheffield Academic Press • 2006

'The Deluge' (Mabbul) in Psalm 29:10

Tsumura, David T. • Ugarit Forschungen, Vol. 20 • 1988

The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts

Smith, Mark S. • Oxford University Press • 2001

The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts

Smith, Mark S. • Oxford University Press • 2001

The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, Volume II: Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU/CAT 1.3-1.4

Smith, Mark S. and Pitard, Wayne T. • Brill • 2009

Ugaritic Narrative Poetry

Smith, Mark S., and Simon B. Parker • Scholars Press • 1997

Ugaritic Poetry and Habakkuk 3

Tsumura, David Toshio • Tyndale Bulletin 40.1 • 1989

Women in Ugarit and Israel: Their Social and Religious Position in the Context of the Ancient Near East

Marsman, Hennie J. • Brill • 2003

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