Texts in Conversation
Ugaritic tradition and Numbers 21 both describe the creation of a figure that brings healing. In Keret, El creates the goddess Shatiqat to cure illness, while in Numbers, God tells Moses to create a serpent to heal the people. In each, healing comes through a special creation that answers an urgent need in the story.
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Legend of Keret
Epic of Kirta
Ancient Near East
El asked the question a sixth, a seventh time: ‘Who among the gods will remove the sickness, will expel the disease?’ But none from among the gods answered him. And the Wise One, the perceptive god, said: ‘Sit, my sons, on your seats, on the thrones of your princeships. I myself shall act the craftsman, and I shall create, I shall create a remover of sickness, an expeller of disease!’ With mud his hand he filled, with suitable mud his right hand. He fashioned it out of moistened clay. A dragon ... a cup ... a goblet ... remove the sickness, expel the disease! Mot it is who will be destroyed, Shatiqat it is who will prevail!’ And Shatiqat departed; she came indeed to the house of Keret. Weeping, she entered, sobbing, she came within. From the city she cast out Mot, from the town she cast out the Enemy; with a staff she struck him: the sickness came out of his temple.
Date: 1500 B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Numbers 21:8
Hebrew Bible
7 Then the people came to Moses and said, “We have sinned, for we have spoken against the Lord and against you. Pray to the Lord that he would take away the snakes from us.” So Moses prayed for the people. 8 The Lord said to Moses, “Make a poisonous snake and set it on a pole. When anyone who is bitten looks at it, he will live.” 9 So Moses made a bronze snake and put it on a pole, so that if a snake had bitten someone, when he looked at the bronze snake he lived. 10 The Israelites traveled on and camped in Oboth. 11 Then they traveled on from Oboth and camped at Iye Abarim, in the wilderness that is before Moab on the eastern side.
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
"... In the Legend of Kirta, El created a goddess for the express purpose of delivering King Kirta from a mortal malady that no existing deity was capable of curing. The creation of Shatiqat is tied solely to the immediate situation of the narrative, namely, saving Kirta’s life. This particular goddess appears to meet the requirements stipulated above for being on the level of divine hierarchy of the artisan gods. The goddess had a clearly defined area of specialization in which she is quite competent, since the king did indeed recover. In the passage itself the goddess does only what she was requested to do and nothing more, but the narrative is much too short to determine whether or not she was envisaged as having volition of her own. Shatiqatu appears nowhere else in the texts from Ugarit, neither in narrative nor ritual sources, so all that exists with which to define her is a single literary composition. It is possible either that Shatiqatu was a recognized, though minor, deity in a Syro-Palestinian cult, or that she was a literary invention concocted for the plot development of this particular legend. In either case, it would be reasonable to assume that she was presented in a manner deemed plausible to the contemporary audience. A similar deity appears in biblical narratives, though no proper name is given to the god. The story of the creation of the image of the deity, as the story now appears, leaves the divine nature of the seraph out of the narrative (Numbers 21:8-9) ... that the passage refers to the institution of a cult for a healing deity can be seen in the passage that recounts the later destruction of the cultic image (2 Kings 18:4) ..."
Handy, Lowell K.
Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy
(p. 139) Eisenbrauns, 1994
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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