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Isaiah 19 uses the Ugaritic title “Rider of the Clouds,” first used for Baal in the Baal Cycle. This title is later used for God throughout the Hebrew Bible, including Deuteronomy, Psalms, and Isaiah, where he is also described as riding on the clouds.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
KTU 1.3 III:37
Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Ancient Near East, Ugaritic
the bones within her spine turn weak. She spoke up and cried out, “Why have Gupan and Ugar come here? What enemy rises up against Baal? What rival faces the Cloud-Rider? Didn’t I crush El’s beloved, Yamm (Ocean)? Didn’t I annihilate Nahar (River), the great god? Didn’t I leash Dragon and bind him in a saddle? I crushed the Sinuous Serpent, Encircler, the seven-headed monster. I crushed the gods’ beloved, Arsha.
Date: 1350–1185 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
Isaiah 19:1
Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt. The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage. 2 “I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms. 3 The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.
Date: 740–450 BCE (based on scholarly estimates)
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Notes and References
“... In some cases, however, the portrayal of Yahweh includes some far more pointed references. Baal’s epithet rkb.‘rpt “rider of the clouds,” attested (so far) sixteen times at Ugarit, is found word-for-word [...] in Ps. 68.5 (Eng. 4), in similar forms in Psalm 104.3 [...] and in Isa. 19.1 [...]. Commentators have long seen this as a taking over of the standard description of the Canaan storm-god. [...] The depiction of Yahweh riding upon a cloud in Isaiah 19.1 is set in a chapter which begins with an oracle of Yahweh against Egypt and ends on a strikingly universalistic note. In the future, both the Egyptians and the Assyrians will worship Yahweh and be considered his people, anticipating the monotheistic concept of Yahweh’s universal rule. Hence, appropriation is clearly at work in this oracle against Egypt, which ascribes to Yahweh the exclusive control of the waters of the Nile (vv. 5–10). The focus of the appropriation is the host of Egyptian gods rather than Baal, even though Baal was equated with Seth in Egypt. Thus, Yahweh’s riding upon a cloud and his taking over of the waters of the Nile in Isaiah 19 are clues of an implied polemic, but directed against the Egyptian pantheon. ...”
James S. Anderson, Monotheism and Yahweh’s Appropriation of Baal, Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 617 (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), 86–88.
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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