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The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

The Primordial History: Genesis 1–11 and the Ancient Near East

Explore key narratives in Genesis 1–11, from creation to Babel, compared with their Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Sumerian counterparts to reveal how Is...

How the Dead Sea Scrolls Anticipate the New Testament

Explore theological and social concepts in the Dead Sea Scrolls that are similar to the theology, language, and practices later described in the New T...

Some Differences Between the Septuagint and Masoretic Traditions

Explore how the two most influential text traditions, the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text, each shaped, expanded, and condensed their inherited text...

The Divine Council and the Development of Bureaucracy

Explore how the biblical divine council evolved from an informal council of gods into a structured divine administration, and how its evolution follow...

The Solar and Lunar Calendar Debate

Explore how communities debated whether the sun or the moon should govern the festival year, from the solar calendar of 1 Enoch and Jubilees through t...

From the Tablet of Destinies to the Book of Life

Explore how the Mesopotamian idea of divine tablets that tracked everyone's destiny evolved through the Hebrew Bible, Second Temple Jewish literature,...

Protecting Widows, Orphans, and the Poor

Explore how the social obligation to protect the most vulnerable members of society evolved from ancient Near Eastern culture into the Hebrew Bible, p...

Highlighted Texts

Pseudepigrapha

4 Maccabees 7:19 / Matthew 22:32 Protoevangelium of James 1 / Genesis 18:14

Early Christian

Tertullian Concerning the Soul 55:3 / 1 Peter 4:6 Origen Homilies on Joshua 15 6 / Testament of Reuben 4:7

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Psalm 110:1 / Matthew 25:33 Genesis 48:14 / Matthew 25:33 Genesis 1:28 / Exodus 1:7 Genesis 49:24 / Isaiah 49:26 Genesis 12:5 / Genesis 46:6 Job 29:9 / Sirach 13:23 Leviticus 16:10 / 1 Enoch 10:4 Genesis 11:6 / Job 42:2 Genesis 4:26 / Exodus 6:3 Genesis 15:5 / 1 Enoch 33:3 Genesis 15:5 / Deuteronomy 28:62 2 Samuel 8:12 / Psalm 60:2 Daniel 7:10 / 1 Enoch 71:10 Genesis 1:22 / Leviticus 26:9 Obadiah 1:15 / Matthew 7:2 Genesis 16:6 / 1 Samuel 1:23 Exodus 34:30 / 1 Enoch 106:6 Genesis 16:6 / 2 Samuel 19:27 Genesis 16:6 / Judges 10:15 Deuteronomy 12:8 / Judges 17:6 Leviticus 26:41 / Jeremiah 9:26 Genesis 33:19 / Joshua 24:32 Exodus 3:8 / Numbers 16:13 Deuteronomy 33:10 / Malachi 2:7 2 Kings 25:9 / 1 Maccabees 1:31 Numbers 33:4 / Wisdom of Solomon 18:12 Genesis 15:5 / Deuteronomy 1:10 Genesis 15:18 / 2 Chronicles 9:26 Genesis 49:8 / Micah 5:8 Genesis 15:13 / Exodus 1:11 Genesis 20:7 / Psalm 105:15 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 20:2 / Genesis 26:7 Exodus 12:37 / Numbers 33:5 Leviticus 23:34 / Jubilees 16:21 Leviticus 16:27 / Jubilees 34:18 Ezekiel 14:14 / 1 Enoch 6:7 Genesis 27:41 / Amos 1:11 / Jubilees 37:4 Psalm 68:6 / Targum Psalm 68:7 Genesis 27:13 / Onkelos Genesis 27:13 Isaiah 64:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 64:4 Genesis 28:18 / Leviticus 26:1 Genesis 21:33 / Deuteronomy 16:21 Genesis 20:12 / Leviticus 18:9 Genesis 29:28 / Leviticus 18:18 Genesis 16:15 / Galatians 4:24 Genesis 15:1 / Genesis 22:1 Genesis 15:5 / Genesis 16:10 Amos 1:11 / Obadiah 1:10 Genesis 25:24 / Genesis 38:27 Genesis 22:1 / Wisdom of Solomon 10:5 Exodus 32:12 / Numbers 14:13 Genesis 15:6 / Judith 14:10

Ancient Near East

Legend of Keret / Genesis 18:10 Code of Hammurabi / Exodus 21:28 Adapa and the South Wind I / 1 Enoch 14:18 Sumerian King List 1:1 / Genesis 5:1 Sumerian King List 1:8 / Genesis 5:21 Legend of Keret / 1 Kings 12:28 KTU 1.17 / Genesis 49:25 The Dream of Gudea / 1 Kings 3:5

Septuagint

LXX Exodus 24:7 / Acts 2:37 LXX Genesis 22:18 / Acts 3:25 LXX Exodus 24:10 / Philo On the Confusion of Tongues 1:96

Dead Sea Scrolls

1QS 1 / John 12:36 4Q213 1 / Luke 2:19 5Q15 / Revelation 21:21 4Q267 / Acts 13:43

Deuterocanon

Tobit 12:7 / Athanasius Defense Against the Arians 1 Sirach 4:28 / Athanasius Defense Against the Arians 90 Sirach 1:9 / Athanasius Discourse Against the Arians 22 Wisdom of Solomon 11:20 / 4 Ezra 4:36 Sirach 33:23 / Luke 15:12

Pseudepigrapha

1 Enoch 54:5 / Matthew 25:41 Testament of Naphtali 8:4 / James 4:7 Testament of Judah 25:4 / Matthew 5:10 4 Maccabees 13:13 / Matthew 10:28 Jubilees 7:20 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 6:2 Jubilees 50:12 / 1 Maccabees 2:39 Testament of Reuben 4:7 / Origen Homilies on Joshua 15 6 1 Enoch 99:8 / 2 Thessalonians 2:11 1 Enoch 53:3 / 2 Enoch 42:1 1 Enoch 12:3 / Jubilees 4:22 Testament of Reuben 5:5 / 1 Corinthians 6:18 Testament of Naphtali 3:1 / Ephesians 5:6 1 Enoch 60:7 / Jude 1:14 Testament of Judah 25:1 / Matthew 22:32 1 Enoch 8:2 / Jubilees 8:3 Testament of Dan 2:4 / Matthew 6:23

New Testament

Revelation 2:11 / Pseudo Jonathan Deuteronomy 33:6 Hebrews 10:25 / Pirkei Avot 2:4 Matthew 10:8 / Leviticus Rabbah 10:4 Matthew 7:2 / Testament of Zebulun 5:3 Luke 14:17 / Pirkei Avot 3:16 Luke 16:24 / Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas 3:3

Classical

Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics 8:30 / Ephesians 5:22

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Genesis 9:22 / Leviticus 18:7 Exodus 2:24 / Leviticus 26:42 Genesis 17:7 / Exodus 29:45 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 20:2 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 26:7 Genesis 17:8 / Psalm 105:11 Genesis 20:7 / Psalm 105:15 Exodus 12:40 / LXX Exodus 12:40 Genesis 17:1 / Exodus 6:3 Genesis 12:13 / Genesis 26:7 / Genesis 20:2 Leviticus 23:34 / Jubilees 16:21 Leviticus 19:23 / Jubilees 7:1 Leviticus 16:27 / Jubilees 34:18 Exodus 30:32 / Jubilees 4:25 Exodus 23:11 / Jubilees 7:37 Joshua 24:2 / Jubilees 12:2 Psalm 90:10 / Jubilees 23:15 Psalm 68:6 / Targum Psalm 68:7 Isaiah 64:5 / Jonathan Isaiah 64:4 Genesis 21:2 / Protoevangelium of James 2 Genesis 18:14 / Protoevangelium of James 1

Ancient Near East

Sumerian King List 1:1 / Genesis 5:1 Sumerian King List 1:8 / Genesis 5:21 Sumerian King List 1:9 / Genesis 5:28

Deuterocanon

Baruch 4:36 / Matthew 8:11 Sirach 44:19 / Tosefta Sotah 10:6

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Levi 6:11 / 1 Thessalonians 2:16 4 Maccabees 7:19 / Matthew 22:32 1 Enoch 60:7 / Jude 1:14 Testament of Reuben 4:7 / Origen Homilies on Joshua 15 6 Testament of Judah 25:1 / Psalms of Solomon 3:12 Testament of Judah 25:1 / Matthew 22:32

Matching Tags

Pseudepigrapha-Rabbinic Traditions 43

Glossary Terms

Exile Patriarch Patriarchal Patriarchally Patriarchate Patriarchs Patriarchy

Articles

Intertextuality and Rewritten Scripture

A Controversial Intersection between Copying and Creating

intertextual.bible • April 16, 2026 • 12 min read

The Pseudepigrapha and the Biblical Literary World

How texts like 1 Enoch and Jubilees shaped the traditions that followed them

intertextual.bible • March 20, 2026 • 8 min read

The Significance of the Differences Between Text Traditions

How Divergent Traditions Reveal What Was Important to Translators and Interpreters

intertextual.bible • March 13, 2026 • 7 min read

Pre-Masoretic Hebrew Tradition

History and Tradition

intertextual.bible • January 4, 2026 • 6 min read

Reference Library

The Devil Will Flee: James 4:7, the Jesus Tradition, and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

O'Connor, M. John-Patrick • Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 138, No. 4 • 2019

The Eastern / Greek Orthodox Bible Based on the Septuagint and the Patriarchal Text

Cleenewerck, Laurent • Euclid University • 2013

The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs: A Commentary

Hollander, Harm W.; de Jonge, Marinus • E.J. Brill • 1985

When Aseneth Met Joseph: A Late Antique Tale of the Biblical Patriarch and His Egyptian Wife, Reconsidered

Kraemer, Ross S. • Oxford University Press • 1998

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