Texts in Conversation
The Psalms of Solomon and the Testament of Judah both reflect a developed description and expectation of resurrection, where the patriarchs and the tribal leaders are described as rising to lead a renewed Israel.
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2500 BCE
1000+ CE
Testament of Judah 25:1
Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
Pseudepigrapha
1 After this Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob will rise to life, and my brothers and I will be heads of the tribes of Israel: Levi first, I second, Joseph third, Benjamin fourth, Simeon fifth, Issachar sixth, and so on all in order. 2 The Lord blessed Levi; the Angel of the Presence blessed me; the powers of glory blessed Simeon; heaven blessed Reuben; the earth blessed Issachar; the sea blessed Zebulun; the mountains blessed Joseph; the tabernacle blessed Benjamin; the lights of heaven blessed Dan; Eden blessed Naphtali; the sun blessed Gad; and the moon blessed Asher. 3 You will be the people of the Lord and speak one language, and the spirit of dishonesty of Beliar will no longer be there, for he will be thrown into the fire forever.
Psalms of Solomon 3:12
Pseudepigrapha
8 They atone for sins of ignorance by fasting and humility and the Lord will cleanse every devout person and their household. 9 The sinners stumble and curse their life, the day of their birth and their mother's labor pain. 10 They sin repeatedly in their life: They fall, and are seriously hurt, they will never get up again. 11 The destruction of sinners is forever, and they will not be remembered when God looks after the righteous. 12 This is the fate of sinners forever; but those who fear the Lord shall rise up to eternal life, and their life shall be in the Lord's light and it shall never end.
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Notes and References
"... On the resurrection of Israel or the 'righteous' on the last day, see Daniel 12:1-2; 2 Maccabees 7; 4Q521 2.11; 1 Enoch 92:3-4; Psalms of Solomon 3:12; Testament of Judah 25:1 ..."
Bird, Michael F.
An Anomalous Jew: Paul among Jews, Greeks, and Romans
(p. 126) William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2016
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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