Comparing Groups
Hebrew Bible
Ancient Near East
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Reverse ComparisonGenesis
Genesis 1:2
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Enuma Elish I
Genesis 1:3
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The Memphite Theology
Genesis 1:6
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Enuma Elish IV
Genesis 1:6
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Song of the Hoe
Genesis 1:14
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Enuma Elish V
Genesis 1:21
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Enuma Elish IV
Genesis 1:26
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The Creation of the King
Genesis 1:28
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Atrahasis
Genesis 1:30
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Great Hymn to the Aten
Genesis 1:31
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The Memphite Theology
Genesis 2:2
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The Baal Cycle
Genesis 2:2
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Enuma Elish VI
Genesis 2:7
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Atrahasis
Genesis 2:7
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 2:7
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
Genesis 2:8
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Epic of Gilgamesh V
Genesis 2:15
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Atrahasis
Genesis 3:1
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Coffin Texts Spell 714
Genesis 3:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 3:14
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Book of Overthrowing Apophis
Genesis 3:14
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Pyramid Texts Spell 204
Genesis 3:22
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
Genesis 3:22
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Adapa and the South Wind
Genesis 4:2
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Sumerian King List 1:6
Genesis 4:22
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KTU 1.1
Genesis 5:1
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Sumerian King List 1:1
Genesis 5:21
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Sumerian King List 1:8
Genesis 5:24
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Adapa and the South Wind 4
Genesis 5:28
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Sumerian King List 1:9
Genesis 6:2
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KTU 1.23:88
Genesis 6:13
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 6:13
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Atrahasis
Genesis 6:14
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Atrahasis
Genesis 6:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 7:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 7:1
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:3
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 7:8
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:10
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 7:10
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:11
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Genesis 7:16
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:17
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Sumerian King List 1:11
Genesis 7:19
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The Sargon Geography
Genesis 8:4
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 8:7
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 8:9
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The Sargon Geography
Genesis 8:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 8:21
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Atrahasis
Genesis 9:13
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Enuma Elish VI
Genesis 9:13
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Atrahasis
Genesis 9:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 10:5
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The Baal Cycle
Genesis 11:1
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Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Genesis 11:4
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Summa Alu 1
Genesis 14:19
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KAI 26.iii
Genesis 15:2
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 16:2
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Code of Hammurabi
Genesis 18:10
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 25:25
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
Genesis 27:4
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 28:12
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 49:25
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KTU 1.17
Genesis 49:25
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KTU 1.23
Genesis 49:25
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 49:25
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Legend of Keret
Genesis 49:25
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Kuntillet Ajrud Inscriptions
Exodus
Exodus 2:3
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The Sargon Legend
Exodus 3:1
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Papyrus Anastasi VI
Exodus 3:14
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Soleb Inscription
Exodus 6:3
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Soleb Inscription
Exodus 15:8
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KTU 1.3
Exodus 17:14
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KAI 26.iii
Exodus 20:5
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Surpu III
Exodus 20:24
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:2
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:16
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:22
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:23
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:28
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 21:29
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 22:6
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 22:22
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Code of Hammurabi
Exodus 22:22
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Code of Ur Nammu
Exodus 24:10
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KTU I.6
Exodus 24:10
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KAR 307
Exodus 24:11
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KTU 1.4
Exodus 25:40
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The Dream of Gudea
Exodus 31:3
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The Baal Cycle
Exodus 32:32
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Enuma Elish I
Leviticus
Leviticus 5:4
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Surpu II
Leviticus 5:17
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Surpu III
Leviticus 6:3
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Surpu II
Leviticus 10:1
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Instructions for Temple Officials
Leviticus 10:1
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Instructions for Temple Officials
Leviticus 11:2
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Surpu II
Leviticus 14:3
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Emar Saharsubbu
Leviticus 18:20
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Surpu II
Leviticus 19:3
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Surpu II
Leviticus 19:36
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Instruction of Amenemope
Leviticus 19:36
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Surpu II
Leviticus 24:19
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Code of Hammurabi
Leviticus 26:3
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Code of Hammurabi
Leviticus 26:15
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Code of Hammurabi
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy 5:7
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 6:5
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 9:14
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Legend of Keret
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Instruction of Amenemope
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Code of Ur Nammu
Deuteronomy 10:18
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KTU 1.19
Deuteronomy 12:32
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 13:6
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 13:9
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 19:14
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Instruction of Amenemope
Deuteronomy 19:14
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Surpu II
Deuteronomy 19:16
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Code of Hammurabi
Deuteronomy 22:13
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Code of Hammurabi
Deuteronomy 22:22
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Code of Hammurabi
Deuteronomy 23:23
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Surpu II
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Code of Hammurabi
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 29:20
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KAI 26.iii
Deuteronomy 30:19
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The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza
Deuteronomy 32:8
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The Baal Cycle
Deuteronomy 33:2
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KTU 1.14
Deuteronomy 33:2
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Papyrus Harris I
Deuteronomy 33:2
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Kuntillet Ajrud Inscriptions
Deuteronomy 33:26
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KTU I.3
Deuteronomy 4:2
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Judges
1 Samuel
1 Kings
2 Kings
Isaiah
Isaiah 1:3
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Papyrus Lansing
Isaiah 1:17
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Legend of Keret
Isaiah 5:14
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KTU I.5
Isaiah 11:6
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Enki and Ninhursag
Isaiah 14:9
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KTU 1.20
Isaiah 14:9
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KTU 1.161
Isaiah 14:13
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KTU 1.23
Isaiah 19:1
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KTU I.3
Isaiah 27:1
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KTU I.5
Isaiah 29:13
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Surpu II
Isaiah 35:3
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Surpu IV
Isaiah 36:4
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
Isaiah 36:10
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
Isaiah 41:8
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Legend of Keret
Isaiah 42:7
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Surpu IV
Isaiah 45:1
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The Cyrus Cylinder
Isaiah 45:12
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Enuma Elish IV
Isaiah 51:9
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KTU I.3
Isaiah 22:12
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KTU 1.5
Isaiah 22:12
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KTU 1.116
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Ezekiel 1:4
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The Dream of Gudea
Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Lamentations 1:20
Ezekiel 8:14
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Ishtar’s Descent 135
Ezekiel 8:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Ezekiel 14:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Ezekiel 16:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
Ezekiel 26:7
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KAI 26.iii
Ezekiel 28:2
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KTU 1.3
Ezekiel 28:13
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Epic of Gilgamesh V
Ezekiel 28:13
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The Baal Cycle
Ezekiel 31:3
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Epic of Gilgamesh V
Ezekiel 31:3
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Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Ezekiel 32:5
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Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser 1
Ezekiel 34:2
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Code of Hammurabi
Ezekiel 40:2
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The Dream of Gudea
Ezekiel 43:2
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The Building of Ningirsu Temple
Ezekiel 47:1
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Enki and Ninhursag
Joel
Habakkuk
Malachi
Psalms
Psalm 2:7
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KTU 1.14
Psalm 8:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Psalm 15:4
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Surpu II
Psalm 16:7
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Legend of Keret
Psalm 18:2
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
Psalm 18:11
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KTU 1.3
Psalm 19:6
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Code of Hammurabi
Psalm 19:7
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KTU 1.3
Psalm 19:12
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Surpu III
Psalm 22:2
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
Psalm 24:3
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Book of the Dead 125
Psalm 24:3
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Papyrus Salt 825
Psalm 24:7
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KAR 58
Psalm 24:10
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KUB IV.1
Psalm 26:2
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Dialogue Between a Man and his God
Psalm 30:12
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KTU 1.3
Psalm 45:2
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A Praise Poem of Shulgi
Psalm 45:2
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The Creation of the King
Psalm 48:2
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The Baal Cycle
Psalm 68:4
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KTU I.3
Psalm 69:3
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
Psalm 69:28
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A Hymn to Nungal
Psalm 72:1
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Code of Hammurabi
Psalm 74:7
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 109
Psalm 74:12
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KTU I.3
Psalms 74:13
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KTU 1.5
Psalm 74:13
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KTU I.2
Psalm 78:35
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Surpu II
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VII
Psalm 82:1
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KTU I.2
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Psalm 82:1
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KAI 26.iii
Psalm 82:3
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Legend of Keret
Psalm 89:10
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KTU I.3
Psalm 89:26
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KTU 1.14
Psalm 90:6
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Legend of Keret III
Psalm 104:3
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KTU I.3
Psalm 104:3
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Enuma Elish IV
Psalm 104:20
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Great Hymn to the Aten
Psalms 104:26
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KTU 1.5
Psalm 139:16
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A Prayer to Nabu
Psalm 146:8
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Surpu IV
Psalm 148:4
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Enuma Elish IV
Proverbs
Song of Solomon
Lamentations
Lamentations 1:10
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
Lamentations 1:11
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.18
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.19
Lamentations 2:21
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12
Lamentations 3:22
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
Lamentations 4:2
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
Lamentations 5:14
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
Lamentations 5:18
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
Ecclesiastes
Daniel
Daniel 1:4
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The Creation of the King
Daniel 2:28
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The Dream of Gudea
Daniel 2:32
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The Dream of Gudea
Daniel 2:37
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Enuma Elish VI
Daniel 2:37
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KAI 26.iii
Daniel 4:10
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The Building of Ningirsu Temple
Daniel 4:11
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Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Daniel 7:2
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Enuma Elish I
Daniel 7:9
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Enuma Elish IV
Daniel 7:9
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KTU 1.3
Daniel 7:10
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Enuma Elish IV
Daniel 7:14
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Enuma Elish IV
1 Chronicles
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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