Comparing Groups
Hebrew Bible
Ancient Near East
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Explore the connections between the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near East in an interactive visualization.
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Reverse ComparisonGenesis
Genesis 1:2
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Enuma Elish I
Genesis 1:3
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The Memphite Theology
Genesis 1:4
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Song of the Hoe
Genesis 1:6
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Enuma Elish IV
Genesis 1:14
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Enuma Elish V
Genesis 1:30
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Great Hymn to the Aten
Genesis 1:31
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The Memphite Theology
Genesis 2:7
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 4:22
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KTU 1.1
Genesis 6:13
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 6:14
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Atrahasis
Genesis 6:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 7:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 7:1
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:3
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 7:8
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:10
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:10
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Eridu Genesis
Genesis 7:11
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Genesis 7:16
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Atrahasis
Genesis 7:19
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The Sargon Geography
Genesis 8:4
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 8:7
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 8:9
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The Sargon Geography
Genesis 8:21
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Atrahasis
Genesis 8:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 9:13
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Enuma Elish VI
Genesis 9:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Genesis 10:5
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The Baal Cycle
Genesis 11:1
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Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Genesis 11:4
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Summa Alu 1
Exodus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy 6:5
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 9:14
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Code of Ur Nammu
Deuteronomy 10:18
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KTU 1.19
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Legend of Keret
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Instruction of Amenemope
Deuteronomy 12:32
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 19:14
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Instruction of Amenemope
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 29:20
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KAI 26.iii
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Code of Hammurabi
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
Deuteronomy 32:8
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The Baal Cycle
Deuteronomy 33:26
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KTU I.3
Deuteronomy 4:2
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Judges
1 Samuel
2 Kings
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Ezekiel 1:4
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The Dream of Gudea
Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Ezekiel 7:15
Ezekiel 8:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Ezekiel 14:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
Ezekiel 16:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
Ezekiel 26:7
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KAI 26.iii
Ezekiel 32:5
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Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser 1
Ezekiel 40:2
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The Dream of Gudea
Ezekiel 43:2
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The Building of Ningirsu Temple
Amos
Habakkuk
Zechariah
Psalm
Psalm 2:7
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KTU 1.14
Psalm 8:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Psalm 16:7
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Legend of Keret
Psalm 19:7
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KTU 1.3
Psalm 24:3
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Papyrus Salt 825
Psalm 24:3
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Book of the Dead 125
Psalm 24:7
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KAR 58
Psalm 24:10
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KUB IV.1
Psalm 26:2
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Dialogue Between a Man and his God
Psalm 30:12
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KTU 1.3
Psalm 45:2
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The Creation of the King
Psalm 45:2
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A Praise Poem of Shulgi
Psalm 48:2
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The Baal Cycle
Psalm 68:4
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KTU I.3
Psalm 74:12
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KTU I.3
Psalm 74:13
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KTU I.2
Psalm 82:1
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KTU I.2
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VII
Psalm 82:1
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KAI 26.iii
Psalm 82:3
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Legend of Keret
Psalm 89:10
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KTU I.3
Psalm 89:26
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KTU 1.14
Psalm 90:6
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Legend of Keret III
Psalm 104:3
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Enuma Elish IV
Psalm 104:3
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KTU I.3
Psalm 104:20
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Great Hymn to the Aten
Psalm 148:4
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Enuma Elish IV
Proverbs
Song of Solomon
Lamentations
Lamentations 1:10
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
Lamentations 1:11
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.18
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.19
Lamentations 2:21
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12
Lamentations 4:2
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
Lamentations 5:14
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
Lamentations 5:18
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
Ecclesiastes
Daniel
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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