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Hebrew Bible
Ancient Near East
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Reverse ComparisonGenesis
Genesis 1:2
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Enuma Elish I
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Genesis 1:2
Genesis 1:3
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The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:3
Genesis 1:6
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Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:6
Genesis 1:6
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Song of the Hoe
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Genesis 1:6
Genesis 1:14
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Enuma Elish V
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Genesis 1:14
Genesis 1:21
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Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:21
Genesis 1:26
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Genesis 1:26
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The Creation of the King
Genesis 1:30
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Great Hymn to the Aten
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Genesis 1:30
Genesis 1:31
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The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:31
Genesis 2:7
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 2:7
Genesis 2:7
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Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 2:7
Genesis 2:7
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 2:7
Genesis 2:8
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Epic of Gilgamesh V
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Genesis 2:8
Genesis 3:1
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Coffin Texts Spell 714
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Genesis 3:1
Genesis 3:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 3:14
Genesis 3:14
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Genesis 3:14
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Book of Overthrowing Apophis
Genesis 3:14
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Pyramid Texts Spell 204
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Genesis 3:14
Genesis 3:22
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 3:22
Genesis 3:22
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Adapa and the South Wind
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Genesis 3:22
Genesis 4:2
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Sumerian King List 1:6
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Genesis 4:2
Genesis 4:22
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KTU 1.1
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Genesis 4:22
Genesis 5:1
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Sumerian King List 1:1
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Genesis 5:1
Genesis 5:21
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Sumerian King List 1:8
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Genesis 5:21
Genesis 5:28
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Sumerian King List 1:9
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Genesis 5:28
Genesis 6:2
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KTU 1.23:88
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Genesis 6:2
Genesis 6:13
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Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 6:13
Genesis 6:14
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 6:14
Genesis 6:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 6:14
Genesis 7:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 7:1
Genesis 7:1
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:1
Genesis 7:3
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Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:3
Genesis 7:8
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:8
Genesis 7:10
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Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:10
Genesis 7:10
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:10
Genesis 7:11
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Genesis 7:11
Genesis 7:16
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:16
Genesis 7:17
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Sumerian King List 1:11
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Genesis 7:17
Genesis 7:19
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The Sargon Geography
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Genesis 7:19
Genesis 8:4
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:4
Genesis 8:7
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:7
Genesis 8:9
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The Sargon Geography
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Genesis 8:9
Genesis 8:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:21
Genesis 8:21
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Atrahasis
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Genesis 8:21
Genesis 9:13
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Enuma Elish VI
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Genesis 9:13
Genesis 9:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 9:15
Genesis 10:5
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The Baal Cycle
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Genesis 10:5
Genesis 11:1
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Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
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Genesis 11:1
Genesis 11:4
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Summa Alu 1
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Genesis 11:4
Genesis 15:2
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 15:2
Genesis 16:2
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Code of Hammurabi
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Genesis 16:2
Genesis 18:10
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 18:10
Genesis 25:25
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 25:25
Genesis 27:4
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 27:4
Genesis 28:12
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 28:12
Exodus
Exodus 2:3
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The Sargon Legend
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Exodus 2:3
Exodus 15:8
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KTU 1.3
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Exodus 15:8
Exodus 17:14
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KAI 26.iii
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Exodus 17:14
Exodus 20:5
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Surpu III
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Exodus 20:5
Exodus 20:24
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 20:24
Exodus 21:2
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:2
Exodus 21:16
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:16
Exodus 21:22
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:22
Exodus 21:23
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:23
Exodus 21:28
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:28
Exodus 21:29
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:29
Exodus 22:6
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 22:6
Exodus 22:22
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 22:22
Exodus 22:22
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Code of Ur Nammu
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Exodus 22:22
Exodus 24:10
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KTU I.6
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Exodus 24:10
Exodus 24:10
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Exodus 24:10
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KAR 307
Exodus 24:11
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KTU 1.4
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Exodus 24:11
Exodus 32:32
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Enuma Elish I
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Exodus 32:32
Leviticus
Leviticus 5:4
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 5:4
Leviticus 5:17
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Surpu III
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Leviticus 5:17
Leviticus 6:3
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 6:3
Leviticus 10:1
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Instructions for Temple Officials
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Leviticus 10:1
Leviticus 10:1
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Instructions for Temple Officials
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Leviticus 10:1
Leviticus 11:2
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 11:2
Leviticus 14:3
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Emar Saharsubbu
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Leviticus 14:3
Leviticus 18:20
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 18:20
Leviticus 19:3
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 19:3
Leviticus 19:36
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Instruction of Amenemope
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Leviticus 19:36
Leviticus 19:36
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 19:36
Leviticus 24:19
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 24:19
Leviticus 26:3
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 26:3
Leviticus 26:15
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 26:15
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy 5:7
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Deuteronomy 5:7
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 6:5
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Deuteronomy 6:5
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 9:14
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Deuteronomy 9:14
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Legend of Keret
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Instruction of Amenemope
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Deuteronomy 10:18
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Code of Ur Nammu
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Deuteronomy 10:18
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KTU 1.19
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Deuteronomy 12:32
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Deuteronomy 12:32
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 13:6
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Deuteronomy 13:6
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 13:9
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Deuteronomy 13:9
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
Deuteronomy 19:14
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Instruction of Amenemope
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Deuteronomy 19:14
Deuteronomy 19:14
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Surpu II
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Deuteronomy 19:14
Deuteronomy 19:16
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 19:16
Deuteronomy 22:22
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 22:22
Deuteronomy 23:23
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Surpu II
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Deuteronomy 23:23
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Deuteronomy 29:20
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Deuteronomy 29:20
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Deuteronomy 29:20
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KAI 26.iii
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Deuteronomy 30:19
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The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza
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Deuteronomy 30:19
Deuteronomy 32:8
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The Baal Cycle
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Deuteronomy 32:8
Deuteronomy 33:2
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KTU 1.14
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Deuteronomy 33:2
Deuteronomy 33:26
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KTU I.3
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Deuteronomy 33:26
Deuteronomy 4:2
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Deuteronomy 4:2
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Judges
1 Samuel
2 Kings
Isaiah
Isaiah 1:3
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Papyrus Lansing
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Isaiah 1:3
Isaiah 1:17
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Legend of Keret
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Isaiah 1:17
Isaiah 5:14
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KTU I.5
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Isaiah 5:14
Isaiah 11:6
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Enki and Ninhursag
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Isaiah 11:6
Isaiah 14:9
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KTU 1.20
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Isaiah 14:9
Isaiah 14:9
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KTU 1.161
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Isaiah 14:9
Isaiah 14:13
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KTU 1.23
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Isaiah 14:13
Isaiah 19:1
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KTU I.3
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Isaiah 19:1
Isaiah 27:1
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KTU I.5
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Isaiah 27:1
Isaiah 29:13
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Surpu II
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Isaiah 29:13
Isaiah 35:3
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Surpu IV
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Isaiah 35:3
Isaiah 36:4
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Isaiah 36:4
Isaiah 36:10
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Isaiah 36:10
Isaiah 41:8
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Legend of Keret
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Isaiah 41:8
Isaiah 42:7
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Surpu IV
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Isaiah 42:7
Isaiah 45:1
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The Cyrus Cylinder
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Isaiah 45:1
Isaiah 45:12
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Enuma Elish IV
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Isaiah 45:12
Isaiah 51:9
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KTU I.3
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Isaiah 51:9
Isaiah 22:12
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KTU 1.5
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Isaiah 22:12
Isaiah 22:12
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KTU 1.116
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Isaiah 22:12
Jeremiah
Jeremiah 5:8
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Jeremiah 5:8
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The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
Jeremiah 14:18
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Jeremiah 14:18
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Jeremiah 14:18
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Lamentations 1:20
Jeremiah 16:5
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KTU 1.20
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Jeremiah 16:5
Jeremiah 16:6
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KTU 1.5
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Jeremiah 16:6
Jeremiah 19:13
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Legend of Keret II
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Jeremiah 19:13
Jeremiah 22:3
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Code of Hammurabi
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Jeremiah 22:3
Ezekiel
Ezekiel 1:4
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The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 1:4
Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentations 1:20
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentations 1:20
Ezekiel 8:14
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Ezekiel 8:14
Ezekiel 14:21
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Ezekiel 14:21
Ezekiel 16:15
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Ezekiel 16:15
Ezekiel 26:7
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KAI 26.iii
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Ezekiel 26:7
Ezekiel 32:5
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Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser 1
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Ezekiel 32:5
Ezekiel 34:2
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Code of Hammurabi
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Ezekiel 34:2
Ezekiel 40:2
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The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 40:2
Ezekiel 43:2
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The Building of Ningirsu Temple
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Ezekiel 43:2
Habakkuk
Zechariah
Psalms
Psalm 2:7
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KTU 1.14
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Psalm 2:7
Psalm 8:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 8:1
Psalm 15:4
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Surpu II
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Psalm 15:4
Psalm 16:7
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Legend of Keret
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Psalm 16:7
Psalm 18:2
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Psalm 18:2
Psalm 18:11
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 18:11
Psalm 19:6
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Code of Hammurabi
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Psalm 19:6
Psalm 19:7
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 19:7
Psalm 19:12
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Surpu III
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Psalm 19:12
Psalm 22:2
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
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Psalm 22:2
Psalm 24:3
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Book of the Dead 125
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Psalm 24:3
Psalm 24:3
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Psalm 24:3
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Papyrus Salt 825
Psalm 24:7
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KAR 58
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Psalm 24:7
Psalm 24:10
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KUB IV.1
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Psalm 24:10
Psalm 26:2
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Dialogue Between a Man and his God
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Psalm 26:2
Psalm 30:12
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 30:12
Psalm 45:2
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A Praise Poem of Shulgi
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Psalm 45:2
Psalm 45:2
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The Creation of the King
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Psalm 45:2
Psalm 48:2
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The Baal Cycle
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Psalm 48:2
Psalm 68:4
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 68:4
Psalm 69:3
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
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Psalm 69:3
Psalm 69:28
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A Hymn to Nungal
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Psalm 69:28
Psalm 72:1
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Code of Hammurabi
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Psalm 72:1
Psalm 74:12
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 74:12
Psalms 74:13
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KTU 1.5
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Psalms 74:13
Psalm 74:13
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KTU I.2
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Psalm 74:13
Psalm 78:35
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Surpu II
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Psalm 78:35
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VII
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Psalm 82:1
Psalm 82:1
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KTU I.2
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Psalm 82:1
Psalm 82:1
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 82:1
Psalm 82:1
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KAI 26.iii
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Psalm 82:1
Psalm 82:3
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Legend of Keret
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Psalm 82:3
Psalm 89:10
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 89:10
Psalm 89:26
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KTU 1.14
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Psalm 89:26
Psalm 90:6
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Legend of Keret III
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Psalm 90:6
Psalm 104:3
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 104:3
Psalm 104:3
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Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 104:3
Psalm 104:20
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Great Hymn to the Aten
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Psalm 104:20
Psalms 104:26
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KTU 1.5
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Psalms 104:26
Psalm 139:16
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A Prayer to Nabu
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Psalm 139:16
Psalm 146:8
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Surpu IV
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Psalm 146:8
Psalm 148:4
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Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 148:4
Proverbs
Job
Song of Solomon
Lamentations
Lamentations 1:10
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
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Lamentations 1:10
Lamentations 1:11
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
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Lamentations 1:11
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.18
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Lamentations 2:11
Lamentations 2:11
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KTU 1.19
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Lamentations 2:11
Lamentations 2:21
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12
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Lamentations 2:21
Lamentations 3:22
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The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
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Lamentations 3:22
Lamentations 4:2
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
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Lamentations 4:2
Lamentations 5:14
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
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Lamentations 5:14
Lamentations 5:18
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
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Lamentations 5:18
Daniel
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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