Comparing Groups
Ancient Near East
Hebrew Bible
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Explore the connections between the Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible in an interactive visualization.
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Enuma Elish I
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Daniel 7:2
Enuma Elish I
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Genesis 1:2
Enuma Elish VI
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Genesis 9:13
Enuma Elish VI
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Daniel 2:37
Enuma Elish V
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Genesis 1:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:6
Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 104:3
Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 148:4
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:10
Enuma Elish IV
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Habakkuk 3:5
Enuma Elish IV
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Isaiah 45:12
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:9
Atrahasis
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Genesis 8:21
Atrahasis
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Genesis 6:14
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:10
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:16
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:8
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:1
The Baal Cycle
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Psalm 48:2
The Baal Cycle
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Genesis 10:5
The Baal Cycle
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Judges 9:5
The Baal Cycle
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Deuteronomy 32:8
The Baal Cycle
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Numbers 11:16
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:3
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 2:7
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 6:13
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:10
The Cyrus Cylinder
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Isaiah 45:1
Instruction of Amenemope
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Proverbs 22:28
Instruction of Amenemope
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Leviticus 19:36
Instruction of Amenemope
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Instruction of Amenemope
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Deuteronomy 19:14
Papyrus Lansing
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Isaiah 1:3
Epic of Gilgamesh Sippar Tablet
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Ecclesiastes 9:7
Epic of Gilgamesh VII
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Ezekiel 16:15
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Genesis 7:11
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Ezekiel 8:14
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 8:1
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:7
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 9:15
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 7:1
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 6:14
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Habakkuk 3:5
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:21
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Ezekiel 14:21
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:4
KTU I.6
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Exodus 24:10
KTU I.2
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Psalm 82:1
KTU I.2
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Psalm 74:13
KTU I.3
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Deuteronomy 33:26
KTU I.3
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Job 26:12
KTU I.3
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Psalm 89:10
KTU I.3
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Isaiah 51:9
KTU I.3
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2 Samuel 22:11
KTU I.3
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Isaiah 19:1
KTU I.3
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Amos 9:6
KTU I.3
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Psalm 104:3
KTU I.3
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Psalm 68:4
KTU I.3
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Psalm 74:12
KTU I.5
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Isaiah 5:14
KTU I.5
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Isaiah 27:1
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Habakkuk 3:3
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Genesis 1:30
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Psalm 104:20
Hymns and Prayers to Amun-Re
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Habakkuk 3:6
Legend of Keret II
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Jeremiah 19:13
Legend of Keret III
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Psalm 90:6
Legend of Keret I
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Zechariah 12:10
Legend of Keret
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Psalm 82:3
Legend of Keret
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Isaiah 1:17
Legend of Keret
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Hosea 2:8
Legend of Keret
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Psalm 16:7
Legend of Keret
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Numbers 21:8
Legend of Keret
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Deuteronomy 10:18
The Memphite Theology
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2 Kings 22:8
The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:3
The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:31
Song of the Hoe
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Genesis 1:4
The Sargon Legend
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Exodus 2:3
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
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Genesis 11:1
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 4:2
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 12:32
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 9:14
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 6:5
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
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Proverbs 10:7
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
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Jeremiah 5:8
The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 1:4
The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 40:2
Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 22:22
Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:23
The Building of Ningirsu Temple
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Ezekiel 43:2
KUB IV.1
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Psalm 24:10
Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Panamuwa Inscription
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Judges 1:7
Panamuwa Inscription
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Judges 9:5
Panamuwa Inscription
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Numbers 11:16
Panamuwa Inscription
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2 Kings 10:7
Panamuwa Inscription
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1 Samuel 9:16
Dialogue Between a Man and his God
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Psalm 26:2
Code of Ur Nammu
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Code of Ur Nammu
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Exodus 22:22
Mesha Stele
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2 Kings 3:26
The Sargon Geography
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Genesis 7:19
The Sargon Geography
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Genesis 8:9
The Creation of the King
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Psalm 45:2
The Creation of the King
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Daniel 1:4
A Praise Poem of Shulgi
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Psalm 45:2
Papyrus Harris
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Song of Solomon 4:9
The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi
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Judges 5:25
The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi
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Song of Solomon 4:11
The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi
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Song of Solomon 5:1
Summa Alu
KTU
KTU 1.4
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Exodus 24:11
KTU 1.1
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Genesis 4:22
KTU 1.18
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Lamentations 2:11
KTU 1.6
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Proverbs 8:15
KTU 1.119
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2 Kings 3:26
KTU 1.14
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Psalm 2:7
KTU 1.14
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Psalm 89:26
KTU 1.19
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Deuteronomy 10:18
KTU 1.19
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Lamentations 2:11
KTU 1.19
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2 Samuel 1:21
KTU 1.3
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Proverbs 2:6
KTU 1.3
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Proverbs 27:8
KTU 1.3
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Psalm 19:7
KTU 1.3
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Psalm 30:12
KTU 1.3
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Proverbs 23:16
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
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Lamentations 1:10
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
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Lamentations 4:2
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
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Lamentations 5:14
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
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Lamentations 5:18
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
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Lamentations 1:11
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser
Book of the Dead
Papyrus Salt
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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