Comparing Groups
Ancient Near East
Hebrew Bible
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Enuma Elish I
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Daniel 7:2
Enuma Elish I
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Genesis 1:2
Enuma Elish VI
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Daniel 2:37
Enuma Elish VI
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Genesis 9:13
Enuma Elish V
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Genesis 1:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 104:3
Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 148:4
Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:6
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:9
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:10
Enuma Elish IV
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Habakkuk 3:5
Enuma Elish IV
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Isaiah 45:12
Atrahasis
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Genesis 6:14
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:1
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:8
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:16
Atrahasis
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Genesis 7:10
Atrahasis
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Genesis 8:21
The Baal Cycle
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Psalm 48:2
The Baal Cycle
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Deuteronomy 32:8
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 6:13
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:10
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 7:3
Eridu Genesis
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Genesis 2:7
The Cyrus Cylinder
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Isaiah 45:1
Papyrus Lansing
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Isaiah 1:3
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Ezekiel 16:15
Epic of Gilgamesh VII
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Ezekiel 8:14
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 8:1
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Genesis 7:11
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 6:14
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 7:1
Epic of Gilgamesh Sippar Tablet
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Ecclesiastes 9:7
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:4
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:7
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:21
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 9:15
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Habakkuk 3:5
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Ezekiel 14:21
KTU I.6
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Exodus 24:9
KTU I.2
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Psalm 74:13
KTU I.2
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Psalm 82:1
KTU I.3
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Psalm 74:12
KTU I.3
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Job 26:12
KTU I.3
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Isaiah 51:9
KTU I.3
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Psalm 89:10
KTU I.3
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Amos 9:6
KTU I.3
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Psalm 104:3
KTU I.3
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Isaiah 19:1
KTU I.3
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Deuteronomy 33:26
KTU I.3
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Psalm 68:4
KTU I.3
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2 Samuel 22:11
KTU I.5
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Isaiah 5:14
KTU I.5
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Isaiah 27:1
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Habakkuk 3:3
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Genesis 1:30
Great Hymn to the Aten
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Psalm 104:20
Hymns and Prayers to Amun-Re
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Habakkuk 3:6
Legend of Keret II
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Jeremiah 19:13
Legend of Keret III
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Psalm 90:6
Legend of Keret I
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Zechariah 12:10
The Memphite Theology
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2 Kings 22:8
The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:3
The Memphite Theology
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Genesis 1:31
Song of the Hoe
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Genesis 1:4
The Sargon Legend
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Exodus 2:3
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
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Genesis 11:1
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 4:2
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 12:32
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 6:5
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
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Jeremiah 5:8
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
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Proverbs 10:7
The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 40:2
The Dream of Gudea
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Ezekiel 1:4
Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:23
The Building of Ningirsu Temple
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Ezekiel 43:2
KUB IV.1
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Psalm 24:10
Summa Alu
KTU
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
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Lamentations 5:14
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
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Lamentations 4:2
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
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Lamentations 5:18
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
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Lamentations 1:10
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
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Lamentations 1:11
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser
Book of the Dead
Papyrus Salt
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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