Comparing Groups
Ancient Near East
Hebrew Bible
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Reverse ComparisonEnuma Elish
Enuma Elish I
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Enuma Elish I
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Daniel 7:2
Enuma Elish I
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Enuma Elish I
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Genesis 1:2
Enuma Elish I
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Enuma Elish I
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Exodus 32:32
Enuma Elish VI
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Enuma Elish VI
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Daniel 2:37
Enuma Elish VI
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Enuma Elish VI
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Genesis 9:13
Enuma Elish V
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Enuma Elish V
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Genesis 1:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:14
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:9
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 148:4
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Habakkuk 3:5
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:6
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Psalm 104:3
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Daniel 7:10
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Genesis 1:21
Enuma Elish IV
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Enuma Elish IV
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Isaiah 45:12
Atrahasis
The Baal Cycle
Eridu Genesis
The Cyrus Cylinder
Instruction of Amenemope
Papyrus Lansing
Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh V
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Epic of Gilgamesh V
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Genesis 2:8
Epic of Gilgamesh VII
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Epic of Gilgamesh VII
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Ezekiel 16:15
Epic of Gilgamesh Sippar Tablet
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Epic of Gilgamesh Sippar Tablet
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Ecclesiastes 9:7
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 2:7
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 3:22
Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Epic of Gilgamesh I
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Genesis 25:25
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Ezekiel 8:14
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 8:1
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Genesis 7:11
Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Epic of Gilgamesh VI
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Psalm 82:1
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:7
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 9:15
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 7:1
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Habakkuk 3:5
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:21
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Ezekiel 14:21
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 8:4
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 6:14
Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Epic of Gilgamesh XI
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Genesis 3:14
Summa Alu
KTU
KTU I.6
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KTU I.6
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Exodus 24:10
KTU 1.23:88
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KTU 1.23:88
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Genesis 6:2
KTU 1.161
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KTU 1.161
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Isaiah 14:9
KTU 1.114
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KTU 1.114
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Proverbs 9:5
KTU 1.20
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KTU 1.20
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Isaiah 14:9
KTU 1.18
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KTU 1.18
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Lamentations 2:11
KTU 1.20
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KTU 1.20
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Jeremiah 16:5
KTU 1.119
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KTU 1.119
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2 Kings 3:26
KTU 1.4
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KTU 1.4
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Exodus 24:11
KTU 1.6
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KTU 1.6
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Proverbs 8:15
KTU 1.14
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KTU 1.14
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Psalm 2:7
KTU 1.23
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KTU 1.23
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Isaiah 14:13
KTU 1.1
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KTU 1.1
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Genesis 4:22
KTU 1.14
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KTU 1.14
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Psalm 89:26
KTU 1.14
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KTU 1.14
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Deuteronomy 33:2
KTU 1.2
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KTU 1.2
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2 Kings 1:3
KTU 1.19
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KTU 1.19
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2 Samuel 1:21
KTU 1.19
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KTU 1.19
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Lamentations 2:11
KTU 1.19
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KTU 1.19
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Deuteronomy 10:18
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Proverbs 23:16
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Proverbs 27:8
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 19:7
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 30:12
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Psalm 18:11
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Exodus 15:8
KTU 1.3
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KTU 1.3
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Job 28:20
KTU I.2
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KTU I.2
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Psalm 74:13
KTU I.2
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KTU I.2
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Psalm 82:1
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 68:4
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 74:12
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 104:3
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Psalm 89:10
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Isaiah 19:1
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Job 26:12
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Deuteronomy 33:26
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Isaiah 51:9
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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2 Samuel 22:11
KTU I.3
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KTU I.3
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Amos 9:6
KTU I.5
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KTU I.5
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Isaiah 5:14
KTU I.5
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KTU I.5
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Isaiah 27:1
KTU 1.5
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KTU 1.5
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Isaiah 22:12
KTU 1.5
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KTU 1.5
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Jeremiah 16:6
KTU 1.5
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KTU 1.5
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Psalms 104:26
KTU 1.5
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KTU 1.5
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Psalms 74:13
KTU 1.116
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KTU 1.116
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Joel 1:8
KTU 1.116
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KTU 1.116
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Isaiah 22:12
Great Hymn to the Aten
Hymns and Prayers to Amun Re
Legend of Keret
Legend of Keret III
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Legend of Keret III
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Psalm 90:6
Legend of Keret II
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Legend of Keret II
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Jeremiah 19:13
Legend of Keret I
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Legend of Keret I
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Zechariah 12:10
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Deuteronomy 10:18
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Numbers 21:8
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Hosea 2:8
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Psalm 16:7
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Psalm 82:3
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Isaiah 41:8
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Isaiah 1:17
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 27:4
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 18:10
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 28:12
Legend of Keret
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Legend of Keret
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Genesis 15:2
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 269
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Lamentations 5:18
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 211
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Lamentations 4:2
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 356
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Lamentations 5:14
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 393
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Lamentations 1:10
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
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Lamentations over the Destruction of Ur 307
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Lamentations 1:11
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 12
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Lamentations 2:21
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Ezekiel 7:15
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Lamentations 1:20
Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur 400
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Jeremiah 14:18
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Lamentations 1:20
The Memphite Theology
Song of the Hoe
The Sargon Legend
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 4:2
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 12:32
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Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 29:20
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
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Deuteronomy 9:14
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Esarhaddon Succession Treaty
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 6:5
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 5:7
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 13:6
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
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Deuteronomy 13:9
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The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath Pileser
The Dream of Gudea
Code of Hammurabi
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:23
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 22:22
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 29:20
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:22
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 19:16
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 22:6
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 20:24
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:2
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Deuteronomy 22:22
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:16
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:29
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Ezekiel 34:2
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Jeremiah 22:3
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Exodus 21:28
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 24:19
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 26:15
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Psalm 72:1
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Psalm 19:6
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Leviticus 26:3
Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
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Genesis 16:2
The Building of Ningirsu Temple
Book of the Dead
Papyrus Salt
KAI
Treaty between Mursilis II and Duppi Tesup
Panamuwa Inscription
Dialogue Between a Man and his God
Code of Ur Nammu
Mesha Stele
The Sargon Geography
The Creation of the King
A Praise Poem of Shulgi
Papyrus Harris
The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi
Enki and Ninhursag
The Treaty between Suppiluliumas and Kurtiwaza
The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer
Adapa and the South Wind
Enuma Anu Enlil
A Hymn to Nungal
A Prayer to Nabu
Surpu
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 11:2
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 5:4
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Deuteronomy 19:14
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 19:36
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 18:20
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 19:3
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Leviticus 6:3
Surpu III
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Surpu III
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Leviticus 5:17
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Isaiah 29:13
Surpu III
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Surpu III
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Exodus 20:5
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Psalm 78:35
Surpu III
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Surpu III
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Psalm 19:12
Surpu IV
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Surpu IV
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Psalm 146:8
Surpu IV
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Surpu IV
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Isaiah 42:7
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Psalm 15:4
Surpu II
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Surpu II
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Deuteronomy 23:23
Surpu IV
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Surpu IV
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Isaiah 35:3
Emar Saharsubbu
The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Psalm 18:2
The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Isaiah 36:4
The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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1 Kings 7:3
The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib
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Isaiah 36:10
Book of Overthrowing Apophis
Instructions for Temple Officials
Sumerian King List
Sumerian King List 1:1
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Sumerian King List 1:1
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Genesis 5:1
Sumerian King List 1:6
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Sumerian King List 1:6
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Genesis 4:2
Sumerian King List 1:8
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Sumerian King List 1:8
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Genesis 5:21
Sumerian King List 1:9
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Sumerian King List 1:9
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Genesis 5:28
Sumerian King List 1:11
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Sumerian King List 1:11
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Genesis 7:17
Mihr Yasht
Ancient Near Eastern Literature and the Hebrew Bible
Classical and Near Eastern parallels have been used to illuminate the biblical text for as long as there have been biblical studies. Already according to Philo Judaeus, writing in Greek and living in the shadow of the great Greek library of Alexandria in the first half century of the Common Era, Abraham "becomes a speculative philosopher," a role-model for the sect of Jewish ascetics that he described as Therapeutae. Nine centuries later, Saadiah Gaon, likewise born in Egypt but living in the equally stimulating atmosphere of Abbasid Baghdad, freely employed his knowledge of Arabic to solve cruces of Biblical Hebrew. But it again took almost another millennium before biblical names, words, and themes, were to be juxtaposed, not just to those of the contemporary world, but to those long lost to sight and mind in the buried cities of the past.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
... the combination of an intertextual and a contextual approach to biblical literature holds out the promise that this millennial corpus will continue to yield new meanings on all levels: the meaning that it holds for ourselves in our own contemporary context, the meanings it has held for readers, worshippers, artists and others in the two millennia and more since the close of the canon; the meaning that it held for its own authors and the audiences of their times; and finally the meanings that it held when it was part of an earlier literary corpus.
Hallo, William W. The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (pp. xxv-xxviii) Brill, 2003
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