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Guides

The Influence of 1 Enoch on the New Testament

Explore how 1 Enoch likely shaped the language, imagery, and theology of the New Testament, from the Gospels' Son of Man to Revelation's final judgmen...

Melammu: Divine Radiance in the Ancient Near East and Biblical Traditions

Explore how Melammu, the awe-inspiring radiance of gods and kings in ancient Mesopotamia, originated in the overwhelming brightness of the sun and sta...

Paul the Rabbi

Explore how Paul's methods of reading scripture, reasoning, arguing, and telling stories anticipate the techniques later expanded and codified in rabb...

The World Tree in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Traditions

Explore how the image of a great tree at the center of the world was inherited from Mesopotamian myth into the Hebrew Bible and reshaped by later Jewi...

The Influence of Philo of Alexandria

Explore how the first-century Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria read the Torah through Greek philosophy, and how the concepts he developed influe...

Revelation and Its Literary Siblings

Explore how the book of Revelation shares its visions, angels, beasts, and cosmic judgment with an entire family of Jewish apocalyptic texts written i...

Matching Reference Citations

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 30:33 / Revelation 19:20 Job 38:4 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Psalm 104:4 / 1 Enoch 61:6 Genesis 1:17 / Psalm 93:1 Isaiah 40:21 / 1 Enoch 18:2 Genesis 1:1 / Isaiah 66:1

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q405 / 2 Enoch 20:3

Deuterocanon

Sirach 16:18 / Luke 2:14 Sirach 16:18 / 2 Corinthians 12:2 Wisdom of Solomon 9:8 / 2 Baruch 2:3 / Hebrews 8:5

Pseudepigrapha

2 Enoch 8:1 / 2 Corinthians 12:2 Life of Adam and Eve 36:4 / 2 Corinthians 12:2 1 Enoch 41:8 / 1QS 3:3 1 Enoch 18:13 / Revelation 8:8 1 Enoch 18:2 / 2 Enoch 4:1 1 Enoch 14:8 / 2 Corinthians 12:2

Targum

Jonathan Jeremiah 51:39 / Revelation 2:11 Jonathan Isaiah 22:14 / Revelation 2:11

New Testament

1 Timothy 2:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 1 Peter 3:3 / Jonathan Isaiah 3:16 2 Peter 3:9 / Jonathan Isaiah 26:10

Classical

Philo Allegorical Interpretation 1:12 / 1 Corinthians 15:44 Plato Timaeus 31 / LXX Genesis 1:6

Texts in Conversation

Hebrew Bible

Isaiah 34:4 / Revelation 6:13 Zechariah 9:10 / Psalm 72:8 Genesis 49:25 / Deuteronomy 33:13 Isaiah 44:24 / Job 9:8 Amos 5:8 / Job 38:31 Exodus 15:5 / Jonah 2:6 Genesis 7:11 / Malachi 3:10 Lamentations 3:6 / Psalm 143:3 Isaiah 63:15 / Psalm 33:13 Ezekiel 1:22 / Sirach 43:13 Ezekiel 1:26 / 1 Enoch 18:7 Proverbs 8:27 / Isaiah 40:22 Psalm 33:7 / Jeremiah 10:13 Psalm 104:2 / Isaiah 40:22 Job 38:38 / LXX Job 38:38 Job 38:22 / Chagigah 12b Psalm 19:4 / 1 Enoch 41:5 Jeremiah 51:16 / 1 Enoch 18:1 Jeremiah 51:16 / Psalm 135:7 Psalm 24:7 / 1 Enoch 72:3 Isaiah 30:26 / 1 Enoch 72:37 Ezekiel 5:5 / Jubilees 8:12 Jeremiah 50:25 / Sirach 39:30 Psalm 136:6 / Isaiah 40:22 Judges 9:37 / Ezekiel 38:12 Deuteronomy 17:3 / Zephaniah 1:5 Jeremiah 5:22 / 1 Enoch 5:3 Genesis 2:20 / Ezekiel 38:20 Psalm 19:4 / Psalm 65:8 Genesis 1:6 / Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 1:6 / Genesis Rabbah 4:3 Isaiah 64:1 / LXX Isaiah 64:1 Genesis 49:25 / Amos 9:2 Isaiah 40:21 / 1 Enoch 18:2 Genesis 1:16 / Psalm 136:7 Isaiah 14:13 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Genesis 2:9 / 1 Enoch 32:4

Ancient Near East

Enuma Elish V / 1 Enoch 72:2 KAR 307 / Exodus 24:10

Septuagint

LXX Ezekiel 1:22 / 1 Enoch 14:9

Dead Sea Scrolls

4Q405 / 2 Enoch 20:3

Deuterocanon

Sirach 16:18 / 2 Corinthians 12:2

Pseudepigrapha

Testament of Levi 2:6 / 2 Corinthians 12:2 1 Enoch 18:15 / Jude 1:13 1 Enoch 21:5 / Jude 1:13 1 Enoch 86:3 / Revelation 6:13 1 Enoch 14:18 / Revelation 4:2 Life of Adam and Eve 36:4 / 2 Corinthians 12:2 1 Enoch 20:2 / 2 Peter 2:4 1 Enoch 108:15 / Luke 16:23 1 Enoch 22:9 / 4 Ezra 7:36 1 Enoch 41:3 / 4 Ezra 5:37 Testament of Levi 3:2 / Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 32:7 1 Enoch 10:13 / Luke 8:31 1 Enoch 72:5 / Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 6 1 Enoch 18:11 / 2 Peter 2:4 1 Enoch 19:2 / Jude 1:13

New Testament

1 Peter 4:6 / Irenaeus Against Heresies 4.27.2 Luke 16:26 / 4 Ezra 7:36 Luke 16:23 / 4 Ezra 7:36 2 Corinthians 12:2 / Pesikta Rabbati 20 Romans 8:38 / Testament of Solomon 114

Classical

Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Genesis Rabbah 44:12 Pseudo Philo Biblical Antiquities 18:5 / Apocalypse of Abraham 20:3 Hesiod Theogony 743 / 1 Enoch 18:11 Hesiod Theogony 806 / 1 Enoch 18:11

Matching Tags

Three-Tiered Cosmology 11

Glossary Terms

Cosmology Myth

Articles

Be Wary of Sensationalism

Why the Fantastical Imagery of Second Temple Texts Belongs to Their World

intertextual.bible • June 12, 2026 • 6 min read

Intertextuality and Parallelomania

How Methodology Helps Navigate Between Too Many and Too Few

intertextual.bible • May 9, 2026 • 10 min read

Reference Library

2 Enoch and the Trajectories of Jewish Cosmology: From Mesopotamian Astronomy to Greco-Egyptian Philosophy in Roman Egypt

Reed, Annette Yoshiko • Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy, No. 22 • 2014

"Biblical Cosmology" in O'Connor, Michael P. and David Noel Freedman (ed.) Backgrounds for the Bible

Frymer-Kensky, Tikva • Eisenbrauns • 1987

Cosmology and Eschatology in Hebrews: The Settings of the Sacrifice

Schenck, Kenneth • Cambridge University Press • 2007

"Cosmology, Art, and Liturgy" in Revel-Neher, Elisabeth, et al., editors. Between Judaism and Christianity: Art Historical Essays in Honor of Elisheva (Elisabeth) Revel-Neher

Laderman, Shulamith • Brill • 2009

Genesis 1 as Ancient Cosmology

Walton, John H. • Eisenbrauns • 2011

In Heaven as It Is in Hell: The Cosmology of Seder Rabbah di-Bereshit

Schäfer, Peter • Cambridge University Press • 2004

Scripture and Cosmology: Reading the Bible between the Ancient World and Modern Science

Greenwood, Kyle • InterVarsity Press • 2015

The Development of 1 Enoch 6-19: Cosmology and Judgment

Newsom, Carol A. • The Catholic Bible Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3 • 1980

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