"... Kaiwan occurs under the form Kiyyün in Amos 5:26. after Sikküt (Sakkuth). The Masoretic vocalization is that for idols (Abominations). The real pronunciation must have been Kaiwän, the name of the planet Saturn. Both go back to the Babylonian name for Saturn, Kajamänu (the Steady One). The Hebrew text used by the Septuagint was already corrupted in having an initial r instead of k resulting in Rayphan; in Acts 7:43 also spelled Rompha ..."

"... this verse leaps into prophetic condemnation of idolatry. The citation from Amos is a comment on the idolatry described in verses 39-42; similarly, the citation from Isaiah in verses 49-50 comments on verses 44-47. Because the people had turned their backs on the true worship of God (verse 39), God turned away from them and delivered them to veneration of heavenly bodies. The pattern is like that of the critiques of gentiles in Wisdom of Solomon 14:21-31 and Romans 1:18-28, withholding the consequence until verse 51: Abandonment of the true God leads to idolatry, which leads, in turn, to immorality. Amos 5:25 disagrees with the Pentateuchal tradition about sacrifices during the wilderness period. In this context the meaning is that the people sacrificed to other gods. The citation generally follows the Septuagint. In place of “Damascus,” Acts has “Babylon.” To rub in the polemic, the text glosses the purposes for which the images were made: worship. The vital words for the author means “images” in the citation but can also mean “model” and “tent” ... most commentators view this as “a post-exilic correction.” Rather than postexilic, it is more likely to reflect the post-70 situation. After the fall of Jerusalem, “Babylon” became a code word for Rome ..."